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Patho Exam 3 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

EDV

ESV

A
  • End diastolic volume- how much blood in ventricles when filled
  • End systolic volume- how much blood in ventricles after ejection
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2
Q

Heart Failure characterized by back up of fluids into the pulmonary circulation that can give rise to pulmonary edema

A

Left sided HF

ineffective left ventricular contractile function

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3
Q

Drug class that reduces fluid retention but can cause hypokalemia and arrhythmias

A

Diuretics

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4
Q

Most commonly occurs in the lower extremity and is a serious disorder, complicated by pulmonary embolisms, recurrent episodes, and chronic venous insufficiency

A
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5
Q

Fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac

A

Pericardial Effusion

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6
Q

Increased hydrostatic pressure as fluid accumulates from fluid backup

A

Heart Failure

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7
Q

Heart Failure characterized by fluid back up into the systemic and hepatic venous systems, peripheral edema or ascites, external jugular veins

A

Right Sided HF- “cor pulmonale”

ineffective right ventricular contractile function

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8
Q

Can be caused by massive vasodilation from allergic response or absolute losses of fluids due to sweating, burns, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage

Too little perfusion can lead to shock, decrease in blood flow to tissues and organs can lead to loss of function

A

Hypotension

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9
Q

Systole

Diastole

A
  • Systole- contraction
  • Diastole- relaxation
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10
Q
  • Decreased cardiac output because of reduced end diastolic volumes
  • Any condition impedes expansion of the ventricles (pericardial effusion)
A

Dystolic dysfunction

Reduced ability of the left ventricle to relax and fill during diastole

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11
Q

Cholesterol Levels

LDL

HDL

Total

Triglycerides

A

LDL < 100mg/dl

HDL > 40-60 mg/dl

Total <200mg/dl

Triglycerides <10-150mg/dl

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12
Q

Hypertrophy of muscle mass that can lead to obstruction of blood filling

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

  • Usually caused by genetic mutations that may be inherited or acquired
  • Adaption of the heart due to increased workload of the heart over time
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13
Q

Involves extremely rigid ventricular walls that restrict blood filling by spare contractile properties of the muscle

A

Restricve Cardiomyopathy

  • Primary cause is endocarditis
  • Secondary causes are amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis
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14
Q

Results from narrowing of coronary arteries due to atherosclerotic processes, reduced blood flow to the heart

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

  • Classic sign: angina
  • nitrates such as nitroglycerin are potent vasodilators, can help reperfuse blocked tissues
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15
Q

Increased tension on blood vessel walls leads to an increase in blood pressure

Over time can lead to hypertrophy

A

Hypertension

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16
Q

Formation of scar tissue between the pericardial layers

A

Restrictive/Constrictive Pericarditis

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17
Q

Bad cholesterol

Can lead to atherosclerosis

A

LDL - Low-density lipoproteins

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18
Q

List some complications of shock

A
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • acute renal failure
  • GI ulceration
  • DIC
  • multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
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19
Q

Venous stasis ulcers is caused by _____

A

Advanced venous insufficiency/ hypertension

fluid is shifting that leads to edema that gives rise to skin breakdown and ulcers, at risk for necrosis and infection

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20
Q

Accumulation of exudates such as blood in the pericardial sac leading to rapid increase in pressure

The rapid compression of heart impairs diastolic filling reducing cardiac output and compromising perfusion to the body

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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21
Q
  • A sudden elevation in MAP
  • May occur with ischemia, chest pain, pulm edema, intercerebral hemorrhage, abnormal renal function
  • causes problems in all body systems
    • renal- decreased perfusion, uremia, renal failure
    • cardiac- CAD, angina, heart failure
    • cerebral function- TIA’s aneurysm formation, intracranial hemorrhage
  • CAN BE FATAL
A

Hypertensive Crisis

usually due to increase in TPR causes by reduced arterial radius

Increases afterload, atherosclerosis and MI may increase as a result of HTN

Drugs aimed at reducing TPR:

  • Beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers to promote vasodilation
  • ACE inhibitors that block vasoconstrictor angiotensin II
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22
Q
  • Decreased contractility of the heart
  • Decreased ejection fraction, usually less than <40%
A

Systolic dysfunction

left ventricle can’t pump enough blood into the systemic circulation during systole

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23
Q

_____ shock: Inadequate blood volume

Venous return reduced as fluid is lost from the intravascular space and results in decreased ventricular filling and drop in stroke volume

A

Hypovolemic Shock

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24
Q

Change in dilation of blood vessel wall, can lead to rupture and bleeding

Typically formed in aorta, vessel off left side of heart, under pressure, can also form in arteries or veins

A

Aneurysm

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25
Q

Increased aterial or venous pressure or arterial dilation

Decreased plasma proteins or increased permeability to proteins

Lymph failure

Decreased osmotic pressure, Increased Hydrostatic Pressure, Obstruction

A

Increased Hydrostatic pressure

Decreased osmotic pressure

Obstruction

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26
Q

Stroke Volume = _____

A

Stroke Volume = EDV- ESV

Stroke Volume- how much blood gets out in a stroke (beat)

End diastolic volume - End systolic volume

27
Q

Includes Trauma, Venous stasis, and Altered coagulability

A

Virchow’s Triad

contributes significantly to thrombus formation

28
Q

Management of Hypercholesteremia

A
  • Primary target is lowering LDL
  • Dietary and lifestyle changes
  • pharmacologic treatments
    • Statins- prevent liver from manufacturing cholesterol
    • Bile acid sequestrants
    • Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
    • Fibrates
    • NIctonic acid
29
Q
  • Low-resistance vessels that stretch and constrict like a coil
  • Vasoconstricts/vasodilates to effect distribution of blood
  • primarily responsible for blood pressure
A

Arteries

30
Q
  • Regulates blood pressure
  • CO X total peripheral resistance (TPR- radius of vessels)
A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

31
Q

end-diastolic volume at the beginning of systole, directly related to the degree of stretch of the myocardial sarcomeres

A

Preload

32
Q

Risk factors of atherosclerosis

A
  • Hypertension
  • Smoking
  • High cholesterol
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes

Results in:

  • CAD, TIA’s, CVA’s, renal stenosis, arterial occlusive disease
33
Q

Disease of the lower extremities characterized by venus hypertension, varicose veins, and venous ulcers

S/S associated with impaired blood flow, tissue congestion, edema, impairment of tissue nutrition

A

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

34
Q

Acute inflammatory response that results in exudate accumulation around the heart

A

Acute Pericarditis

35
Q

Small, spherical dilation of vessel at a bifurcation point

Seen in structures like Circle of Willis in brain where bifurcated vessels are common

A

Berry aneurysm

36
Q

HTN without evidence of other diseases

accounts for 90% of htn

causes: genetic factors, sodium intake, DM, smoking, alcohol

>140/90

A

Primary/essential Hypertension

37
Q

Another disease condition increases CO or TPR and indirectly increases MAP

Examples: Adrenal tumors (release catecholamine), aldosterone (increased fluid retention), stress

A

Secondary HTN

38
Q
  • Vasculitis that affects medium-size arteries
  • Plantar or digital vessels (foot/leg)
  • Men 25-40 years old, heavy smokers
  • primarily arterial but inflammation can involve adjacent veins and nerves
  • S/S- pain, impaired circulation, sensitivity to cold
  • Chronic ischemia -> ulceration and gangrene
A

Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)

39
Q

Narrowing of valve opening leads to greater resistance to blood flow throught the valve

A

Stenosis

40
Q

Sudden, progressive loss of consciousness

Can be from:

  • Vasovagal response- stimulation of vagus nerve
  • Postural syncope- Getting up too quickly
  • Carotid sinus syncope- pressure on carotid arteries
A

Syncope

41
Q

Major function is to maintain blood volume but also important in defense and fat absorption

A

Lymphatics

42
Q

Difference between hydrostatic and interstitial fluid pressure favors _____

A

Filtration

43
Q

Good cholesterol

A

HDL- High-density lipoproteins

44
Q

Cardiac Drugs

  • Digitalis inhibits _____
  • Nitroglycerine & Calcium channel blockers are _____
  • Beta-adrenergic antagonists reduce _____ & _____
A
  • NA-K-ATPase
  • vasodilators
  • reduce contractility and heart rate
45
Q

_____ shock: blood flow impeded by physical or mechanical obstruction

Inadequate circulating blood volume results from obstruction in great vessels that interferes with filling/emptying of the heart- results in reduced cardiac output

A

Obstructive Shock

46
Q
  • A regulated variable governed by feedback inhibition
  • changes in cardiac output may be compensated by changes in TPR and the reverse
    • Hemorrhage or other severe blood loss causes lowered cardiac output
    • reaction would be to increase vasoconstriction to increase TPR which would then maintain it
  • Controlled variables: Heart rate, vasoconstriction, vasodilation
A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

CO X TPR

47
Q

Involves dilation of heart chambers impairing the function of the heart as a pump

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

  • Generally there is impairment of the ventricles ability to pump during systole
    • Leads to hypertrophy of the heart
  • Causes include damage to the heart from toxic, metabolic, or infectious agents
48
Q
  • Atherosclerosis distal to aortic arch
  • typically seen in older men
  • Risk factors: smoking, diabetes
  • Gradual vessel occlusion
  • Ischemic pain at rest
  • Damage and ulceration of blood vessels
  • gangrene can develop
A

Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

49
Q

Extends over part of circumference of vessel, appears like a sac

A

Saccular aneurysm

50
Q

Intravascular volume is inappropriately distributed

Vasodilation causes hypovolemia

Includes septic shock, neurogenic shock, and anaphylactic shock

A

Distributive Shock

51
Q

Ejection Fraction

A
  • How well the ventricles are at getting the blood out
  • Assesses efficiency of the heart
  • Ideally want >75%
  • SV/EDV
52
Q
  • Leaky thin-walled vessels with a large cross-sectional area allowing slow passage of blood that facilitates transport and exchange
  • Site of fluid balance regulation
  • “Starling forces” govern filtration on arterial side and reabsorption on venus side
  • If not enough volume is returned, can lead to accumulation in tissues (edema)
A

Capillaries

53
Q

Group includes :

  • acute myocardial infarction (MI)
  • STEMI
  • NSTEMI
  • unstable angina

Caused by _____ and _____

Risk factors _____

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

  • caused by atherosclerosis and embolism
  • risk factors include: diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, high fat-to-carb ratio, family history of heart disease
54
Q

Infection of the endocardium, heart valves, or cardiac prosthesis resulting from bacterial or fungal invasion

A

Endocarditis

  • Caused by IV drug use, prosthetic heart valves, or have had rheumatic heart disease
  • Bacteremia leads to ulceration and necrosis of heart valves
  • Treatment includes antibiotics and supportive therapy
55
Q

Cardiac Output = _____

A

Cardiac Output = HR X SV

Cardiac Output- volume pumped by each ventricle per minute

Heart Rate X Stroke Volume

56
Q

Atrial Depolarization

Ventricular depolarization

Ventricular Repolarization

A

P wave

QRS complex

T wave

57
Q

the force that the heart must work against to eject blood from the ventricle, ventricular pressure at the end of systole

A

Afterload

58
Q

False aneurysm resulting from a tear in tunica intima, allows blood to enter vessel wall and creates pockets filled with blood

A

Dissecting aneurysm

59
Q

Failure of valve to close completely results in backflow (regurgitation) of blood to previous compartment

A

Insufficiency

60
Q

Difference between osmotic pressures in plasma and interstitial fluid favor _____

A

Absorption

61
Q

_____ shock: The heart fails as a pump and can’t maintain cardiac output

A

Cadiogenic Shock

62
Q
  • Intense vasospasm of arteries/arterioles in fingers/toes
  • Young women, restriction of blood flow
  • secondary type associated w/ other diseases or vasospasm like frostbite, occupational trauma, collagen diseases, neurologic disorders, occlusive disorders
  • Scleroderma
A

Raynauds Phenomenon

63
Q

Involves the entire circumference of vessel, characterized by gradual, progressive dilation

A

Fusiform aneurysm

64
Q
  • Low-resistance vessels that help maintain blood pressure
  • ensure proper venous return (preload, EDV)
  • Sympathetic stimulation contracts smooth muscle to raise pressure
A

Veins

Patho Exam 3 (3 decks)

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