where do we find the heart
T5-8 behind the sternum
where is the apex beat
left 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line
what side of the vein is an artery found on
right
what is different about the layers in the arterioles
no tunica adventitia
what layers do the veins have
thin Tmedia and T. intima but thick T. adventitia
what is T adventitia composed of
cartiligenou tissue
layers of the capilleries
only the tunica intimacy- an endothelium on a basement membrane
what are pericytes
incomplete layer of cells surrounding the basement membrane that have a contractile function helping squeeze the blood out of the capillaries
where do we find the superior mediastinum
T1-T4 and up towards the neck
what is found in the superior mediastinum
Glands- thymus
veins
arteries- arch of the aorta
organs- oesophagus and trachea
where is the inferior mediastinum
from T4 down to the diaphragm
what is the inferior mediastinum further divided into
anterior part - very small cleft between the sternum and pericardium- thymus
Middle
Posterior part- where the vertebral column and oesophagus and azygous ect are
what are the layers of the heart
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
pericardium
what Is the endocardium
innermost layer which is very thin and lines the chambers of the heart
what cells is the endocardium composed of
simple squamous epithelium on a basement membrane
what is myocardium composed of
many layers of cardiac muscle and myocytes connected by intercalated discs
also has a rich capillary bed
what is the epicardium
the outermost layer also known as the visceral layer of the pericardium
what cells is the epicardium made of
simple squamous epithelium sitting on a basement membrane and connective tissue
in what layer do we find the branches of the coronary artery
epicardium
how is the heart held in place
central tendon of the diaphragm
sternum roots of great vessels
what are the two components of the pericardium
fibrous and serous
what is the serous pericardium
lines the heart
has visceral and parietal layers
role of the serous pericardium
secrete pericardial fluid that can act as a lubricant
what is the fibrous pericardium
most superficial layer and attached to the parietal layer
role of the fibrous pericardium
prevents the heart overfilling with blood
what is the innervation of the visceral pericardium
T1-T4 nerves and the vagus nerve via the cardiac plexus
what is the innervation of the parietal and fibrous pericardium
phrenic nerve
which layers of the heart can feel pain
parietal and fibrous
role of papillary muscles
prevent inversion of valves
where do the coronary arteries arise from
aortic sinus of the ascending aorta - one of the cusps in the aortic valve
in which layer is the aortic sinus present
epicardium
what are the lymphs that help drain the chest
parasternal
phrenic nodes
intercostal nodes
where are the parasternal lymph nodes found and where do they receive lymph from
along the internal thoracic artery
medial part of breast, intercostal spaces, costal pleura and diaphragm
where are the phrenic nodes situated and where do they receive from
thoracic surface of diaphragm
pericardium, diaphragm, liver
where do the phrenic nodes drain to
parasternal nodes
where are the intercostal nodes found
vertebral end of the intercostal space
where does lymph drainage from the heart occur
goes to the right inferior tracheobronchial nodes and the mediastinal bronchopulmonary nodes
what nerves help control heart rate
phrenic- sympathetic
vagus- parasympathetic
where do we find the sinoatrial node
near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium
where is the AVN
inferior part of the interventricular septum
what are the 4 corners/ borders of the heart
upper left rib 2
upper right rib 3
lower left rib 5
lower right rib 6
to which corner do the heart valves radiate to
pulmonary- 2nd left
aortic valve- 2nd right
mitral valve- 5th left
tricuspid- 6th right