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PTRP Centoy > Cardiovascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What composes the cardiovascular system?

A

-Blood
-Blood Vessel
-Heart

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2
Q

Shape of the heart?

A
  • Cone shape structure / like an inverted pyramid / blunted cone
  • Size? Small (closed fist)

(And it rests at diaphragm)

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3
Q

Location of the heart?

A
  • Mediastinum!

-> mass of tissue extending from the sternum to vertebral column between the 2 lungs

-> 2/3 of the heart is at LEFT body’s midline

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4
Q

Heart base and apex? Orientation

A

Base
- broad portion
- Posterior, superiorly

Apex
- pointed end
- Anteriorly, inferiorly, pointing to the left

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5
Q

Pericardium?

A
  • fibrous connective sac that encloses the 🫀

Function?- protects the heart from trauma and infection

Meron syang 2 layers

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6
Q

2 layers of pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous Pericardium
    - outermost layer of pericardium

Functions
- anchors the heart (naka kabit sa mediastinum)
- prevents the heart from over stretching

  1. Serous Pericardium
    - innermost layer
    - serves as a double layer of the heart

Meron 2 layers ang Serous
A. VISCERAL/EPICARDIUM

  • Pag sinabing visceral (organ), sya mismo naka kapit sa heart

B. Parietal/SP

  • Outermost layer of SP
  • adheres tightly sa FP
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7
Q

Pericardial Fluid

A

Fx;
- lubricant, decreases the friction in the heart

Location?
- between the visceral and parietal

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8
Q

Normal value of Pericardial Fluid?

A

50mL lang!

Case scenario;

Decreased PF
- pag onti lubricant, will produce “Pericardial Friction Rub” (PERICARDITIS)

Increased PF
- no pain! “Cardiac Tamponade” kasi di nagtatamaan ang membranes

Patient will die from secondary to cardiac arrest

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9
Q

Surfaces of the heart?

A

Anterior surface
-> STERNOCOSTAL
-> RA and RV most anterior surface

Posterior surface
-> BASE
-> RA and LA most posterior surface

Inferior Surface
-> DIAPHRAGMATIC surface
-> RV and LV is apex of the heart

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10
Q

Chambers of the heart?

A

2 atria
- receiving chambers

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11
Q

Anterior wall of the 2 atria?

A

-They are rough due to the presence of PECTINATE muscle

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12
Q

Divides the R and L atrium?

A
  • Interatrial Septum = has an oval depression (FOSSA OVALIS) which is remnant/scar ng FORAMEN OVALE

FORAMEN OVALE - opening at the internal septum of a fetal heart that normally closes after birth

  • if it won’t close, pt will have congenital anomalis
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13
Q

2 ventricles?

A
  • pumping chambers
  • ridges of cardiac muscle fibers “trabeculae carnea”
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14
Q

Papillary muscle?

A

-cone shape structure of trabeculae carnea

  • where the CHORDAE TENDINAE are attached
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15
Q

Covering of the heart?

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

Atrioventricular valves?

A

“INLET VALVES”
- right -> TRICUSPID

  • left -> BICUSPID “MITRAL”
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17
Q

SL Valves?

A

Semilunar valves
“OUTLET”

  • PULMONIC VALVE
  • AORTIC VALVE
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18
Q

Right atrium openings?

A

There are 3

  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Inferior Vena Cava (lower part of the body)
  • CORONARY SINUS = carried blood from the heart itself
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19
Q

Blood flow inside the heart ❤️🫀

A

SVC/IVC - RA (tricuspid) - RV (pulmonic valve) - pulmonary artery - lungs (gas exchange, O2nated blood) - pulmonarys veins - LA (bicuspid) - LV (aortic valve) - aorta - system

Left side = increased pressure

Right side = decreased pressure

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20
Q

Largest vein the body?

A

INFERIOR VENA CAVA!

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21
Q

Heart Sounds?!

A

Audible with STETHOSCOPE
S1 - LUBB (closure of AV valves)
- longer
- louder
- lower in pitch

S2 - DUBB (closure of SL valves)
- shorter
- not as loud as S1

Need PHONOCARDIOGRAM to hear
S3 - rapid filling of ventricles
- CHF Congestive Heart Failure -> sound has pathological sound called Ventricular Gallop

S4 - Atrial Systole
- MI Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
- Hypertension -> sound has pathological sound (Atrial Gallop)

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22
Q

Controlling Centers of the heart

Study These Flashcards
A

Autonomic Nervous System

Conducting System

23
Q

ANS?

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A

Sympathetic - increased contraction

Parasympathetic - decreased contraction

24
Q

Conducting System

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A
  1. SA Node (Sinoatrial Node/Sinus Node)
    -> Primary Pacemaker -> initiate depolarization

Location? RIGHT ATRIUM -> superior septal wall at the RA slightly lateral the SVC

  1. AV Node (Atrioventricular Node/Junctional Node)

Location? BEHIND TRICUSPID VALVE

  • most common site for HEART BLOCK (HB)
    Nahaharangan yung area kung saan dadaan ang ang conducting system
  1. BUNDLE OF HIS

Location? INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM

  1. PURKINJE FIBERS

Location? Surrounds the 2 ventricles

-> LARGEST PACEMAKER OF THE HEART

25
Location of SA Node?
Location? RIGHT ATRIUM -> superior septal wall at the RA slightly lateral the SVC
26
Coronary Artery
Coronary Artery - responsible for the blood supply in the heart RCA Supplies; - right atrium - right ventricle (majority) - left ventricle (minor) -> SINOATRIAL NODE LCA Supplies; - left atrium - left ventricle (majority) - right ventricle (minor also) LCA has BRANCHES (both supply blood in Left Ventricle) - LADA (left anterior descending artery) -> LADA will give to ANTERIOR AND APICAL wall -CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY -> LATERAL AND INFERIOR WALL
27
Myocardial Infarction
If coronary artery gets blocked. MI -> Heart-attack came from the occlusion of the coronary artery RCA blocked -> will cut off blood supply that will cause MI/heart attack Most affected? SA NODE LCA blocked -> occlusion -> LV Is it fatal? YES Most common occluded coronary artery? -LEFT CORONARY ARTERY (Bec of the size of the arteries -> LCA is bigger, blood will always, DEPOSITION is more common
28
Cardiac Action Potential charge of the cell to contract?
• -85mV
29
Phases of Cardiac Action Potential
Phase 0 - Depolarization Phase 1 - Initial Repolarization Phase 2 - Plateau Phase 3 - Repolarization Phase 4 -Resting Membrane Potential
30
CAP - Phase 0?
Phase 0 - Depolarization Negative to positive because of positively charged ion Na+ (sodium)
31
Branches of Aorta? (Descending)
Descending Aorta -> Thoracic -> Abdominal Aorta-> Common Iliac Artery Common Iliac Artery has 2 - External CIA and Internal CIA 1 External CIA -> Femoral A -> Popliteal A -> Tibial A 2. Internal CIA - other name? hypogastric artery Will supply blood in the pelvis, buttocks and genitals
33
CAP - Phase 1?
Phase 1 - Initial Repolarization - decreased influx of Na+ (sodium) (Wala na pumapasok + charge cells, gate is closing) - outward current of K+ (potassium) (Since madaming pumasok sodium, need lumabas ng potassium)
34
CAP - Phase 2?
Phase 2 - Plateau - maintained depolarization (bakit maintained yung positive dahil sa calcium) - inward current of Ca2+
35
Remember! Arch of aorta?
No L brachiocephalic artery But there is L Common Carotid Artery and L Subclavian artery
36
CAP - Phase 3?
Phase 3 - Repolarization = decreased influx of Ca2+ (calcium) = outward current of K+ (potassium) Madaming pumasok na calcium kaya lalabas din potassium
37
CAP - Phase 4?
Phase 4 - Resting Membrane Potential • charge of the cell returns into -85mV
38
Skeletal Muscle VS Cardia Muscle
Both has striations Skeletal m -voluntary contractions - sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium storage) - abundant calcium inside Cardiac m -involuntary contractions - sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium storage) - few calcium inside Since onti lang calcium sa heart, humihiram sya sa labas (extra cellular fluid)
39
Sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Storage of calcium
40
Cardiac Cycle
Pumping action of the heart Diastole - ventricular relaxation Systole - ventricular contraction
41
Cardiac Cycle? Period I
Diastole - cardiac cycle always begin with ventricular relaxation Period I starts when the heart is relaxed (diastole) Period I - Period of Rapid Filling of Ventricles (S3 Heart Sound) A. First Third of Diastole = 75% blood -> atria to ventricles (passively) NO MUSCLE CONTRACTION B. Middle Third of Diastole = continuous blood flow C. Last Third of Diastole = 25% blood -> atria to ventricles (ATRIAL SYSTOLE - ATRIAL KICK) AV valves open, Semi Lunar Closed
42
Cardiac Cycle? Period II
Systole Period II - Isovolumic Contraction - blood is in the ventricles - (pagnapuno) increased in ventricular pressure - AV valves are now closed, SL valves still closed Contraction will happen but no emptying yet
43
Cardiac Cycle Period III
Systole Period III - Period of Ejection (Since may laman yung ventricles, need ng pressure para mag eject) -> RV = 8 mmHG (Pulmonary Artery) -> LV = 80 mmHG (Aorta) 8 and 80 mmHG is called the AFTERLOAD AFTERLOAD - ventricular force required to open the SL Valves First Third of Ejection -> 70% of blood ejected by ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta Last Two Third of Ejection -> 30% blood still pumped to pulmonary artery and aorta SL Valves are OPEN AV Valves are CLOSED
44
Cardiac Cycle Period IV
Systole Period IV - Period of Isovolumic Relaxation -> blood is in the blood vessels -> decreased ventricular pressure (since wala ng dugo) gusto bumalik ng mga na-eject -> kaya SL Valves closed, AV Valves are close but slowly opening for mew filling phase
45
Hemodynamics
Hemo - blood Dynamics - movement
46
Systole/Diastole
Systole - highest arterial pressure - 120 mmHg Diastole - lowest arterial pressure - 80 mmHg
47
Pulse Pressure
- difference between the SBP - DBP - Average pressure of peripheral pulse Pulse Pressure 120/80 = (normal) 40 mmHg
48
4. EDV -> End Diastolic Volume
- amount of blood left after diastole (ventricular relaxation) dami ng dugo naiiwan after mag relax - Normal value -> 120mL (PRELOAD) initial stretching of the heart = need to stretch para maganda ang contraction, magaganap lang pag meron na 120 mL
49
ESV -> End Systolic Volume
- amount of blood left after systole (volumetric contraction) - Normal Value 50 mL - If mataas yan -> Congestive Heart Failure -> di makapag contract, naiipon
50
STROKE VOLUME
- amount of blood pumped by the ventricles PER CONTRACTION - Normal Value 70 mL - EDV minus ESV = 120mL - 50mL = 70 mL
51
Cardiac Output
- amount of blood pumped by the ventricles PER MINUTE (output - dami ng dugo na nilalabas pero inipon for 1 minute) - Normal = 4 to 6 Liters -> resting cardiac output - during exercise - double yan SV times HR = 70 x (60-100bpm)
52
Beats per minutes - Normal Range?
60 - 100 > 60bpm Bradycardia < 100bpm Tachycardia
53
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