Cardiovascular anatomy

Question 1

What is the epicardium?

Answer 1

the inner most pericardium (touches the myocardium)

Question 2

what is the epicardium also known as

Answer 2

the visceral pericardium

Question 3

what is the visceral pericardium made of?

Answer 3

simple squamous + areolar

Question 4

what is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 4

In between visceral and parietal pericardium

it contains serous fluid

Question 5

what is the parietal pericardium

Answer 5

more superficial covering of heart (than visceral)

Question 6

what is the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 6

anchors the heart and prevents over filling

it is on the very outside

Question 7

what is the fibrous pericardium made of?

Answer 7

dense CT

Question 8

what is the myocardium?

Answer 8

cardiac muscle

Question 9

what’s the endocardium?

Answer 9

membrane the lines the chambers, covers the trabecular carnae

Question 10

List from superficial to deep the layers of the heart

Answer 10

• Fibrous pericardium
• Parietal pericardium
• Pericardial cavity
• visceral pericardium / epicardium
• myocardium
• endocardium

Question 11

what are the heart valves made of?

Answer 11

endocardium and dense CT

Question 12

what is the atriaventricular valve on the right?

Answer 12

The tricuspid valve

Question 13

What is the atrioventricular valve on the left?

Answer 13

the bicuspid valve (mitral)

Question 14

which atrioventricular valve has more pressure on it?

Answer 14

the Mitral

Question 15

what do the chordae tendineae do?

Answer 15

attached to the papillary muscles, prevent the collapse of the valves with the ventricles contract

Question 16

what semilunar valve is on the right?

Answer 16

the pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 17

what semilunar valve is on the left?

Answer 17

the aortic semilunar valve

Question 18

what is a murmur?

Answer 18

abnormal heart sound

Question 19

what is s3?

Answer 19

sound that can be sometimes heard as blood flows into ventricles

Question 20

what is s4?

Answer 20

sound that can sometimes be heard as the atria contract

Question 21

what is s1?

Answer 21

sound of AV valves closing after atrial contraction

Question 22

what is s2?

Answer 22

sound of SL valves closing after ventricular contraction

Question 23

what is actually making the noise of heart sounds?

Answer 23

blood turbulence

Question 24

what is the tunica externa/ adventitia

Answer 24

most superficial layer of blood vessel

Question 25

what is the tunic externa / adventitia made of

Answer 25

dense irreg

Question 26

what is the tunica media

Answer 26

in the middle

Question 27

what is the tunica media made of

Answer 27

smooth muscle and elastic CT

Question 28

what is the tunic Interna / intima

Answer 28

the most deep layer of the blood vessel | has: -Endothelium, basement membrane, and elastic membrane

Question 29

what does the endothelium of the tunica interna do

Answer 29

it lines inside of vessel (made of simple squamous)

Question 30

what is the basement membrane made out of

Answer 30

lose areolar CT

Question 31

what does the elastic membrane do?

Answer 31

Connects the tunica interna to the tunica media

Question 32

arteries have thick or thin tunica media?

Answer 32

THICK

Question 33

what are the 3 types of arteries?

Answer 33

1) elastic arteries 2) muscular arteries 3) arterioles

Question 34

What are the characteristics of elastic arteries

Answer 34

Large, Thick elastic, high pressure

Question 35

what are the characteristics of muscular arteries

Answer 35

mid-size, thick smooth muscle

Question 36

what are the characteristics of arterioles

Answer 36

small, no externa

Question 37

what are the characteristics of venules

Answer 37

no smooth muscle | drain blood from capillary bed into veins

Question 38

what are the characteristics of veins?

Answer 38

thin tunica meia, valves

Question 39

what are the 2 main sources driving venous return?

Answer 39

1) Skeletal muscle pump | 2) Respiratory pump (thoracic + abdominal pressure)

Question 40

What is the structure of capillaries

Answer 40

endothelium only

Question 41

what are the 3 types of capillaries

Answer 41

1) Continuous 2) Fenestrated 3) Sinusoid

Question 42

Explain the characteristics of continuous capillaries

Answer 42

``` the endothelium is continuous moderately permeable most common (nutrients, wastes, gas, hormones) ```

Question 43

explain the characteristics of fenestrated capillaries

Answer 43

more pores = more permeable | absorb/filter in kidneys and intestines

Question 44

explain the characteristics of sinusoid capillaries

Answer 44

large gaps = most permeable | spleen, liver, bone marrow

Question 45

what are capillary beds flow regulated by ?

Answer 45

precapilllary sphincters