Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?
A
Pulmonary Artery
2
Q
Where does the left heart extend from?
A
2nd costal cartilage (12-15mm from left sternal cartilage) to 5th intercostal space (9 cm from left sternal boarder)
3
Q
Where does the right heart extend from?
A
3rd to 6th costal cartilage about 10-15mm from sternum
4
Q
What is the largest portion of the heart?
A
Apex
5
Q
Where is the apex of the heart located?
A
Left of the mid sternal line at the 5th intercostal space
6
Q
What are the 4 heart layers from most external to most internal?
A
Parietal pericardium
Visceral Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
7
Q
What is the fibrous outer layer of the heart that forms a sac and contains terminal branches of several blood vessels? Coronary blood vessels are in this layer.
A
Partietal Pericardium
Also called: Epicardium
8
Q
What is the layer of the heart that forms pericardial fluid to moisten the heart to prevent friction and also maintains the heart in position.
A
Visceral Pericardium
9
Q
What is the name of the cardiac muscle fibers that provide the work in distributing blood to the heart?
A
Myocardium
10
Q
What is the name of the innermost layer that lines the heart containing smooth muscle?
A
Endocardium
11
Q
What is pericarditis?
A
Inflammation of the pericardium, causing it to fill with fluid
12
Q
The myocardium only functions in what type of metabolism?
A
Aerobic
13
Q
The ____ receives blood from the veins
A
atria
14
Q
What is the function of the left atria?
A
Receives oxygen rich blood from the pulmonary vein and sends to to the left ventricle through the mitral (bicuspid) valve
15
Q
What is the function of the right atria?
A
Receives blood from the inferior and superior vena cava and sends it to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
16
Q
The _____ eject blood into the arteries
A
ventricles
17
Q
What is the function of the left ventricle?
A
ejects blood through the aortic valve into the aorta
18
Q
What is the function of the right ventricle?
A
ejects oxygen DEFICIENT blood through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary trunk which becomes the left and right pulmonary artery
19
Q
What structures carry oxygen right blood to peripheral tissues via pressure exerted by the heart and the elastic properties of these vessels?
A
Arteries
20
Q
What structures carry oxygen deficient and CO2 rich blood back to the heat via pressure exerted by the skeletal mm and smooth mum (venues)?
A
Veins
21
Q
Where is the majority of the blood supply at any given time?
A
Veins
22
Q
Explain the pathway of blood from leaving the heart then back to the heart.
A
Aorta Large Artery Small Artery Arteriole Capillary Venule Vein Vena Cava
23
Q
Why are veins more elastic?
A
They hold more blood volume
24
Q
Which structure is more muscular, arteries or veins?
A
Arteries
25
Where does gas exchange happen?
capillaries
26
As an action potential happens, Na+ rushes in and K+ rushes out, so the inside of the myocardial cell becomes primed for a ___________
contraction
27
The sliding of ____ and _____ myofilaments is responsible for the mm contraction of the myocardium
actin
| myosin
28
What are the three properties of myocardial cells?
Automaticity
Rhythmicity
Conductivity
29
What does automaticity mean?
The ability to contract without external stimuli
| Remember that skeletal muscles are not like this
30
What does rhythmicity mean?
The ability to contract in a rhythmic manner
31
What does conductivity mean?
The ability to transmit nerve impulses from one myocardial cell to another due to the intercalated disks that form a syncytium
32
What can prevent or disrupt conductivity in the heart post MI?
Scar tissue
33
Intercalated disks contain two junctions. What are they and what do they do?
Desmosomes: attach one cell to another
Connexins: allow electrical impulses to spread from one cell to another
34
What is released from the myocardium upon injury that can impact the heart beating?
Ca++
35
What coronary artery supplies most of the right ventricle, Av node (in 55% of people), and SA node?
RCA
36
The RCA supplies the part of the heart responsible for what (in general)?
Heart Rate
37
What are the branches of the RCA?
Right Posterior Artery
| Right Marginal Artery
38
What does the LCA supply?
Left Ventricle
Left Atrium
Ventricular Septum
and SA node (in 45% of people)
39
What are the branches of the Left Coronary Artery?
Left Anterior Descending Artery
Left Circumflex Artery
Left Marginal Artery
40
When someone refers to the "pacemaker" of the heart, they are talking about the ___ _______
SA Node
41
Why is the LCA called "the widow maker?"
It supplies so much of the left side of the heart, which is so muscular
42
What is a common anomaly that causes sudden cardiac death in athletes?
LCA comes off of the RCA
43
What contracts first, atria or ventricles?
Atria
44
Without any other input, how fast does the SA node pace the heart to beat?
> 100 BPM
45
What part of the autonomic nervous system slows the HR and myocardial contractility? Through what neurotransmitter? How slow does the HR become?
Parasympathetic
| NT: acetylcholine 60-90BPM
46
What part of the autonomic nervous system increases the HR and myocardial contractility? Through what neurotransmitter?
Sympathetic
| Norepinephrine
47
The AV node can spontaneously discharge without external stimuli at a rate of ___ to ____ BPM
40-60
48
SA node transmits impulses to the ______
atria
49
What is the formula for ejection fraction?
EF= SV/EDV
50
How are the AV node impulses transmitted to the ventricular myocardium?
Bundle of His
51
The bundle of His divides into L and R _______ _______ that innervate each respective ventricle, and then into smaller ________ _______ to cause the ventricles to contract.
bundle branches
| Purkinje fibers
52
Proximity to the epicardium (pericarditis), age, and coronary artery occlusion makes what node susceptible to disease?
SA node
53
The AV node is susceptible to disease due to:
RCA occlusion
54
What are normal potassium levels?
3.5-5
55
What are some symptoms of hypokalemia?
```
arrhythmias
mm cramping (especially if taking a diuretic)
```
56
What are some symptoms of hyperkalemia?
nausea
| vomiting
57
What are normal calcium levels?
9-11
58
What are some symptoms of hypercalcemia?
erratic cardiac contraction
59
What are some symptoms of hypocalcemia?
decreased myocardial contractility
60
Describe the systole phase of ventricular activity
myocardial contraction
Isovolumetric contraction- same volume
Rapid ejection- volume decreases
slow ejection- volume begins to increase
61
Describe the diastole phase of ventricular activity
Myocardial relaxation
passive rapid filling
slower filling
active rapid filling
62
What takes longer, systole or diastole?
diastole
63
As the HR increases, the amount of blood ejected _________
decreases
64
Cardiac output equals ____ X ______
HR
| Stroke Volume
65
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood being pumped by both ventricles per unit time
66
What is the stroke volume?
volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat
67
What is a typical resting CO?
5-6L
68
Blood pressure = ___X_____X______
HR
SV
TPR
69
What is total peripheral resistance?
the amount of force affecting resistance to blood flow throughout the circulatory system.
70
CO particularly affects __________ BP
systolic
71
TPR particularly affects _________ BP
diastolic
72
MAP = ____ + 1/3 (______ - ______)
DBP
| SBP-DBP
73
What is a normal MAP?
93 mmHg assuming a BP of 120/80
74
In general, patients that have a MAP < ____ need to stay in bed!
60
75
MAP is determined by what 4 factors?
Blood volume
Cardiac Output
Resistance of the system to blood flow (TPR)
Relative distribution of the blood between arterial and venous blood vessels
76
Fluid loss may be _______ or regulated at the _______
passive
| kidneys
77
When perfusion is decreased, the _____ system is activated.
RAAS
78
If the diameter of the arterioles is increased, the blood pressure _________
decreases
79
If the diameter of the arterioles is decreased, the blood pressure _________
increases
80
BP is an indirect measure of pressure in the _____.
Aorta
81
Pulse pressure is the difference in _______ vs _______
Systolic BP
| Diastolic BP
82
There is a linear relationship between workload and what two other factors?
CO and HR
83
What is the primary determinant for increased CO and BP during exercise?
HR
84
What is cardiac preload?
The volume of blood left in the ventricles at the end of diastole, prior to contraction
85
What is cardiac afterload?
Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
86
If after load increases, what happens to end systolic volume and systolic volume?
ESV increases
| SV decreases
87
If preload increases, what happens to end systolic volume and systolic volume?
EDV decreases
| SV increases
88
What is the formula used to calculate SV?
SV= EDV-ESV
89
If EDV increases, what happens to SV?
Increases
90
Where is the S2 sound heard
Base of the heart
| After the carotid pulse
91
bility of the heart to change its force of contraction and therefore stroke volume in response to changes in venous return is called the:
Frank Starling Mechanism
92
The Frank-Starling Law states that the ______ ______ of the left ventricle will increase as the left ventricular volume increases due to the myocyte stretch causing a more forceful systolic contraction.
stroke volume
93
What is the production of RBCs called?
Hematopoiesis
94
What is the formula for ejection fraction?
EF= SV/EDV
95
The ___ heart sound lasts longer than the ___ sound.
s1
| s2
96
Where is the S1 sound heard? Where is the sound located in relation to the carotid pulse?
Apex of the heart, mitral valve
| Before the carotid pulse
97
Where is the S2 sound heard
Base of the heart
| After the carotid pulse
98
What are the 4 main components of blood?
Plasma
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
99
Upon beginning exercise the body creates more ______ as an adaptation to help with blood volume.
plasma
100
Describe the steps of the oxygen transport system from Ventilation to Muscle ATP Turnover
```
Ventilation
Pulmonary O2 diffusion
Circulatory O2 delivery
Muscle O2 diffusion
Muscles O2 Utilization
Muscle ATP Turnover
```
101
RBC production is regulated by what hormone produces where?
Erythropoietin
| Kidneys
102
Hematocrit measures what?
Concentration of RBCs in blood
103
People with low levels of Hct may also have:
anemia, vitamin/nutrion deficiencies
104
People with high levels of Hct may also have:
dehydration, polycythemia vera, lung/heart disease
105
The amount of oxygen in the blood that is bound to HgB is called:
O2 Saturation (SaO2)
106
_____ reflects only free oxygen molecules dissolved in plasma and not those bound to hemoglobin
PaO2
107
what is the formula for the FICK equation to determine VO2?
VO2= HR x SV x (a-VO2 diff)
108
What is the net fluid exchange (and in what direction) from the capillaries?
2 mmHg outwards from capillary
109
In regard to peripheral gas exchange, decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system causes ____________.
vasodilation
110
What type of pressure tends to move blood across the capillary membrane into the interstitium?
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
111
What type of pressure results in the flow of interstitial fluid into the capillary circulation?
Capillary oncotic pressure
112
What type of pressure draws fluid out of the microcirculation into the interstitium?
Interstitial oncotic pressure
113
This is the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood and Is a good way to see how much oxygen is delivered and used by the muscle
a-VO2 difference
114
If ventilation volume is too small for relative blood flow, what happens are the arterioles?
vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow through the capillaries
115
What is the net fluid exchange (and in what direction) from the capillaries?
2 mmHg outwards from capillary
116
Do patients with systolic HF typically have a high or low ejection fraction?
LOW
117
Do patients with diastolic HF typically have a high or low ejection fraction?
Normal or slightly elevated?
118
O2 moves across alveoli membrane to the pulmonary _______ circulation and is returned to the heart via pulmonary ____
arterial
| Vein
119
CO2 moves across alveoli membrane to the pulmonary ______ circulation and is sent to the lungs via the pulmonary ______
venous
| Artery
120
If V/Q is reduced, blood _______ occurs
shunting
121
If V/Q is increased, what happens?
No gas exchange occurs, physiological dead space
122
What do the arterioles do if the ventilation volume is too large for relative blood flow?
vasodilation to the arterioles occurs to allow for increased blood flow
123
If ventilation volume is too small for relative blood flow, what happens are the arterioles?
vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow through the capillaries
124
Vasodilations are induced by reductions of O2 at local tissues or increased production of: (3)
H+
CO2
Metabolites
125
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation are both controlled by _________ controls: endocrine system and autonomic nervous system
extrinsic
