Cardiovascular and Blood Flashcards
(28 cards)
Hematopoiesis / hemopoiesis
process of blood cell production
* RBC last 120 days in circulation
-Production:
○ Stem cells > proerythroblasts >early erythroblasts > intermediate erythroblasts > last erythroblasts > reticulocytes
Types of Stem cells
- Proerythroblasts: develop into red blood cells
- Myeloblasts: develop into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
- Lymphoblasts: develop into lymphocytes
- Monoblasts: develop into monocytes
- Megakaryoblasts: develop into platelets
red blood cells
morei in male than female
- 1/3 hemoglobin (hem = O2, globin = CO2)
- 2/3 lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase
- 98.5% O2 attached to hemoglobin
- 7% CO2 in plasma; 23% CO2 in hemoglobin; 70% CO2 as bicarbonate ions due to carbonic anhydrase
hemoglobin
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells
- quaternary shape
- embryonic/fetal have more O2 attached than adult
- oxyhemoglobin carries O2
- deoxyhemoglobin not carry O2
- carbaminohemoglobin carries CO2
erythropoietin
A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.
White Blood Cells
protect body against microorganisms; remove dead cells and debris
- ameboid: pseudopod
- diapedesis: stretch to fit btwn cells or thru capillaries
- chemotaxis: attraction and mvmnt toward foreign material or injured cells
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding by one of 3 ways:
- Vascular spasm: vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels (spasm and shut)
- Platelet plug: formation
- Blood clotting
platelet plug formation
platelet adhesion: when von Willebrand factor connects collagen and platelets
platelet release rxn: release ADP, thrombaxanes, other chemicals to activate platelets in cascade effect
platelet aggregation: activated platelets give out receptors to bind to fibrinogen to make a plug/bridge btwn platelets
expression of factor V and phospholipids: (coagulation)
coagulation
blood clotting (hemostasis)
- activate prothrombinase > prothrombin to thrombin > fibrinogen to fibrin
- factors are proteins in plasma that circulate inactively until tissues are damaged; when platelets adhere the activations begin
- blood clot: fibrin fibers, trapped blood cells, platelets and fluid
extrinsic clotting pathway
- begin w chemicals outside of blood
stage 1: damaged tissues release TF3; Ca present makes TF3 + TF7 = TF 10; form prothrombinase
stage 2: prothrombinase turn prothrombin > thrombin
stage 3: thrombin turn fibrinogen > fibrin
and thrombin activate TF13 to stabilize clot
intrinsic clotting pathway
- begin with chemicals part of blood
stage 1: in damaged vessels TF12 comes in contact w collagen to activate TF12; TF11 is stimulated to turn on TF9; TF9 joins with TF8, platelets, Ca, to make TF10; prothrombinase made
stage 2: prothrombinase turn prothrombin > thrombin
stage 3: thrombin turn fibrinogen > fibrin
and thrombin activate TF13 to stabilize clot
control of clot formation
- anticoagulants: prevent coagulation factors from starting clot
- coagulation factors need to meet threshold
anticoagulants
prevent blood clot formation
- antithrombin: made in liver, slowly inactivates thrombin
- heparin: made from basophils and endothelial cells; increases antithrombin effectiveness
- prostacyclin: prostaglandin from endothelial cells,, cause vasodilation and inhibit release of coagulating factors from platelets
fibrinolysis
Breakdown and removal of a clot; how stop blood leave body
- fibrin threads of clot attach to vessel walls
- platelet processes attach to fibrin threads
- actin and myosin in platelets contract to pull edges in and allow serum to exit
clot dissolved by plasmin (enzyme that hydrolyzes fibrin)
blood grouping
determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs
- transfusion: transfer blood from person to person
- antibodies (agglutinins) bind to RBC antigens to agglutinate or hemolysis RBCs
- ABO and RH
antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents by attaching to antigens
antigens
foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response.
blood types
A: has B antibodies and A antigens
B: has A antibodies and B antigens
AB: no antibodies; A and B antigens
O: has A and B antibodies but no antigens
agglutination reaction
The formation of visible clumps as a result of antibodies binding to and cross-linking insoluble antigens
Rh blood group
Rh (+) : have these antigens on surface of RBCs
Rh (-) : do not have these antigens on RBCs
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
This disease occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-.
- late in pregnancy fetus Rh cross over placenta and mom makes antiRh
- second baby with this +/- mishap could die
erythroblastosis fetalis
a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
diagnostic blood tests
- type/crossmatch: determine ABO and Rh (red cells tested against antibodies)
- RBC count: number of RBCs per microliter of blood
- hemoglobin measurement: grams of hemoglobin per 100mL (14-18 for male, 12-16 for female)
- hematocrit: % of blood that is RBC
- WBC count: 5000-10000 per microliter of blood
hematocrit
percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
- not many WBC can be seen
- WBC + plasma = buffy coat
