Cardiovascular and Excretion Flashcards by Jordan Egles

Structure of veins

Made up of three layers
1) Inner thin layer of cells
2) Central thick layer of elastic muscle tissue
3) Thin layer of external, elastic connective tissue
Less elastic muscle/tissues than arteries - are still able to expand/adapt to pressure/volume changes

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Pressure in veins

Veins are low pressure because the blood running through them have just come from the small capillaries. because of this they need valves to prevent backflow

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Capillaries

Small vessels that connect arterial and venous circulation

Blood passes through arterioles and then into capillaries

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Size of capillaries

The small size allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and tissues to be done effectively

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Structure of capillaries

Made of 1 layer
endothelium
High pressure to make fluids leak through endothelium

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Function of capillaries

Supplies nutrients and oxygen

Removes waste

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Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart to capillaries

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Structure of arteries

Thin layer is in contact with blood
Layers of elastic tissue/smooth muscle which stretch and contract
Arteries closer to the heart have more elastic tissue
Arteries far from the heart have more muscle tissue

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Vasoconstriction

Contraction, increases resistance and blood pressure

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Vasodilation

Relaxation, decreases resistance on blood pressure

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Lymphatic system

Moves lymph in one direction to the heart (moves due to muscle contractions)

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White blood cells

Ratio: 1:1000
Lifespan: few days to years
produced in red bone marrow
prevent/fight infection
lack hemoglobin

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Structure of white blood cells

appear translucent

larger than red blood cell and have nucleus

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Red blood cells

lifespan: 100-120 days
produced in red bone marrow
transport O2
anemia is when you don’t have enough RBC

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Structure of red blood cells

shape increases flexibility
biconcave disk
no nuclei
bright red to dark purple

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Blood functions

Transport hormones
Transport of nutrients and waste
Regulate body temp
Regulate blood pressure
Aids clotting
Helps protect body from disease
Buffers help maintain a pH of 7.4

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Functions of plasma

Maintain blood volume/pressure
Clotting
Transport/fight infection

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Blood Clotting steps

Platelets clump at site of puncture
Prothrombin activator is released converting plasma protein to thrombin
Thrombin acts as an enzyme severing two amino acids chains activating it
Activated ends join to form fibrin
Fibrin clot is temporary

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Heprin

Prevents clotting

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Fibrinogen

Makes fibrin threads

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Types of White Blood Cells

Neutrophils - Phagocytize pathogens
Eosinophils - Phagocytize pathogens
Basophils - Releases histamine which promotes blood flow to tissues
Lymphocytes - Responsible for specific immune
Monocytes - Becomes macrophages

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Mammalian Transport

Transport nutrients, oxygen, CO2, wastes and hormones
Maintain fluid balance
Regulate body temp
Assist in defence against microorganisms
TWO SYSTEMS: Pulmonary system (blood between heart and lungs) and schematic (Carries blood between heart and rest of body)

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Schematic

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Deoxygenated blood enters the right of the heart via the vena cava
Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs via pulmonary artery
Oxygenated blood leaves lungs and enters the left of the lungs via the pulmonary vein
Heart pumps oxygenated blood

Heart

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Hollow, muscle organ
Right side pumps to the lungs
Left side pumps to the body
Chambers are separated by septum

Heart beat

Heart beat is myogenic - contractions arise as an intrinsic property of the cardiac muscle itself

Sinoatrial node

Initiates cardiac cycle (causes atria to contract)

Atrioventricular node

Delays implus to allow time for atrial contractions

Bundle of his

Distributes action potentials over ventricles causing ventricle contractions

Diastole

Alternating relaxations

Systole

Alternating contractions

Stages of heart pumping

Ventricles relax and blood flows into them, after 70% full he atria contracts to finish Atria relaxes, ventricles contract to push blood through aorta and pulmonary artery Short period of atrial and ventricle contractions, seminal valves close to prevent backflow

Open vs Closed systems

``` Open - blood not in tues Closed - in tubes Advantages of closed - - efficiency - alter blood flow - clotting (won't bleed out) - increase pressure ```

Types of nitrogen

- Ammonia - no energy cost, highly toxic therefore must be diluted into water (aquatic) - Urea - medium energy cost, less toxic therefore can be excreted in concentrated form - Uric acid - high energy, virtually non toxic (birds and reptiles

Mechanisms against water loss

- behaviour - waxy cuticle - oil excretion of the skin - insulating fur/feathers - dry, scaly skin of reptiles

Sources of water loss

Airways Evaporation urine feeces

Osmoregulator

Animals that regulate salt and water fluxes

Osmoconformers

net water movement

Salt water fish

Lose water osmotically, and drink salt water and excrete excess salt

Freshwater fish

water enters via osmosis | take up salts across gills

Human water budget

Osmoregulation: maintain water levels in the body Majority intake through drinking Majority loss through urination

Rodent water budget

Adaptions: - obtain majority of water from breakdown of food - don't sweat or pant - dispose of waste with little energy costs

Human urinary system

Consists of kidneys and bladder blood is filtered through kidneys to form urine adrenal glads - produce aldosterone (controls Na+ in kidney) and adrenaline

Glomerulus

Surrounded by bowmens capsule - filters water and removes particles

Tubular reabsorption

Cells in the P.T. remove excess water and nutrients and pass them back into the blood

Tubular secretion

Finals wastes removed by the D.T. (ammonia, and drugs removed from blood)

Loop of henle

Concentrates the filtrate (remove water)

Lymph organs

Thymus and spleen

Components that play a part in blood clotting

Fibrinogen Platelets Thrombin

Advantage of closed circulatory system

can move blood more effectively

When body temperature rises, blood flow in the skin is...

Increased

Which human heart chamber has to contract the most forcefully

Left ventricle

Functions of blood in the circulatory system

WBC - Fight infection and foreign invaders RBC - transport O2 Platelets - help with clotting RBC - transport CO2 and therefore help with respiration

What does hematocrit tell us about a persons blood

A hematocrit value is the ratio of RBC to the total volume of blood. For example if someone has a 40% hematocrit value, 40% of their blood is RBC and 60% is plasma

Systolic pressure

The pressure of "contractions," this can be measured by a a machine

Formula to calculate hematocrit

RBC/total volume

Cardiovascular and Excretion Flashcards

(55 cards)