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NURS123 > Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Flashcards

1
Q

What protects cardiovascular system

A

Ribs and sternum

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2
Q
A

myocardial must be perfused with O2 and nutrients

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3
Q

Two reasons fro heart attack

A

Blood clot
Circumflux

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4
Q

How many main coronary arteries

A

3

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5
Q

Ischemia

A

No O2 or nutrients given to one part of the heart

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6
Q

Major two blood vessels of the neck

A

Carotid artery

Jugular veins

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7
Q

Carotid Artery

A

(right and left) = located in the groove between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle. Supplies oxygenated blood to the brain.

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8
Q

Jugular Veins

A

(internal – deep, medial to sternomastoid muscle; external – superficial, lateral to sternomastoid muscle) = empties deoxygenated blood from brain directly into superior vena cava. Gives important information about the right side of the heart (filling pressure and volume changes).

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9
Q

Treatment for septic paitents

A

Access in internal jugular vein

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10
Q

Angina

A

chest pain from the heart; may have an order for nitroglycerin spray if known cardiac disease. Otherwise, apply oxygen, assist to maximize respiratory function, place on full monitors, and alert most responsible provider (MRP).

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11
Q

Atypical symptoms of myocardial infarction

A

arm pain, nausea, jaw or throat pain, weakness, fatigue, and dizziness.

Since these may be attributed to other causes, theses symptoms are often disregarded by individuals. Women may express pain differently and may be at risk of death from heart attack due to delayed treatment.

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12
Q

Important subjective data related to the cardiovascular system

A

Current, past, and family health history important subjective data.

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13
Q

Organs related to lymph system

A

related organs that help filter blood and fluid in the body: spleen, tonsils, thymus gland.

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14
Q

ROle of otonsils

A

Fight ingections locallly in mouth and throat

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15
Q

Thymus Gland

A

Behind sternum
Develops T-lymphocytes in children, no function in adults

(T-lymphocytes made in bone marrow)

Spleen destroys old RBCs, produces antibodies, stores RBCs, filters microorganisms

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16
Q

DVT

A

Deep vein thrombosis
- Blood pooling in lower legs - medical emergency

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17
Q

Can cardiac tissue be regenerated?

A

No

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18
Q

3 Main coronary arterires

A

L and R arteries

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19
Q

3 Protective layers of heart

A

Pericardium: Tough fibrous, double walled
Myocardium: Muscular wall: Requires nutrient and O2 (Pumps)
Endocardiuml: Thin layer lining inner surface of chambers and valves

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20
Q

What is the problem when endocardial layer is inflamed

A

Less space for blood therefore output is less

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21
Q

Myocardial inflammation affects

A

The heart pumps

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22
Q

Pericarditis

A
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23
Q

Two important blood vessesl giving S2 sounds

A

Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve

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24
Q

4 Major heart valves

A

AV valves : Tricuspid and bicuspid
Bw R atrium and R ventricle tricuspid
Bw L atrium and L venrical is bicuspid (mitral) valve

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25
Q

How do the phase of heart pumping occur?

A

One cardiac cycle consists of the heart filling with deoxygenated blood and pumping out oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues of the body.

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26
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

(tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid) are between the atriums and ventricles.

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27
Q

Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic)

A

are between the ventricles and pulmonary arteries, pumping blood to lungs.

28
Q

Diastole

A

the heart filling phase when AV valves are open, allowing ventricles to fill with blood.

29
Q

Systole

A

the heart pumping phase when AV valves close, allowing ventricles to push out blood.

30
Q

Sepsis

A

Systemic infection
Microorganisms
Treated by
Antibiotics
Fluid therapy

31
Q

Blood vessesl of the neck

A

Carotid artery and jugular veins

32
Q

Carotid artery

A

(right and left) = located in the groove between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle. Supplies oxygenated blood to the brain.

33
Q

Jugular veins

A

(internal – deep, medial to sternomastoid muscle; external – superficial, lateral to sternomastoid muscle) = empties deoxygenated blood from brain directly into superior vena cava. Gives important information about the right side of the heart (filling pressure and volume changes).

34
Q

What would a nurse do if a paitinet had Sudden onset chest pain or tightness and SOB

A

is a medical emergency and nurses must intervene immediately

Bloodwork
Order ECG
Order chest Xray

35
Q

CWMS

A

Inspection of integ system indicative of heart function
Inspect colour, warmth, sensation, movement

36
Q

Why is blood pressure important?

A

(an indication of the functioning of the heart – how efficiently it is doing it’s work of delivering oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues).
3

37
Q

Angina

A

chest pain from the heart; may have an order for nitroglycerin spray if known cardiac disease. Otherwise, apply oxygen, assist to maximize respiratory function, place on full monitors, and alert most responsible provider (MRP).

38
Q

Bruit

A

(blowing, swishing sound).
Abnormal that WOULD be heard from the carotid artery

39
Q

What does the jugu.ar vein give information on

A

Jugular veins give us information about the right side of the heart (filling pressure and volume changes – preload). And this becomes important in the treatment of conditions such as Congestive Heart Failure (we will discuss this more in depth)

40
Q

Where is apical pulse most often found

A

mid-clavicular line, 5th intercostal space

41
Q

Heart sounds

A

S2 - Aortic Valve closure - ‘right side of the sternum
S2- Pulmonic Valve closure – ‘left side of the sternum
S3 – Erb’s point [An extra heart sound, left side of the sternum, below the base of the
heart
S1 – Tricuspid Valve closure – left lower sternal border
S1- Bicuspid/Mitral Valve closure – Apex of the heart- mid clavicular at 5th
intercoastal space

S4 -An extra heart sound – closer to the apex, related to mitral valve stenosis

42
Q

How are the carotid arteries assessed

A

Inspect bilaterally
Palpate (one at a time)
Grade
Auscultate for pulse, then for bruits

43
Q

Veins characteristics

A

Thin stretchable walls
Larger compared to arteries
Do not pulsate normally
Superficial

44
Q

Where is the “lub” sound heard

A

S1 when the ventricles contract

45
Q

What is the “dub” sound heard

A

S2 Closing of aortic and pulmonary valves
When ventricles relax

46
Q

Abnormal cardiac findings

A

Pulse differences
hear murmurs
Orthostaic hypotnesion
Getting dizzy when standing up, blurry vision,

47
Q

Who is at risk for congetive heart failure1

A

Patients with chronic kidney disease

48
Q

What is an average speed of blood pumped

A

4-6L per minute

49
Q

How can cardiac output be calculated

A

HR x Stroke volume

50
Q

Preload

A

AMount of blood in R atrium that fills during diastol

51
Q

Afterload

A

Resistance which ventricle smust over come to pump out the blood

52
Q

Data indicitave of cardiac problems

A

Subjective Data
Leg cramps
Skin changes
Sores or lesions in arms and legs
Objective data
Lack of hair no legs
Varicose veins
Unilateral (High chance of developing deep vein thrombosis) or bilateral edema
Wounds and stage of healing process

53
Q

What is the skeletal cardiac pump

A

When walking, calf muscle squeezes and sends blood back to heart
When laying down, stasis occurs and blood can clot

54
Q

What is considered a significant change in cardiac output

A

drop in systolic BP over 20 mm Hg on any reading OR an increase in HR of 20 bpm or more

55
Q

Claudication distance

A

how many blocks one can walk or stairs one can climb before experiencing calf pain.

56
Q

4 main types of lymph nodes

A

1.Cervical – drains fluid from head and neck.
2.Axillary – drains fluid from breast and upper arms.
3.Epitrochlear – drains fluid from hands and lower arms.
4.Inguinal – drains fluid from lower extremities, genitalia, and lower abdomen.

57
Q

Relevant lymph organs

A

spleen, tonsils, thymus gland

58
Q

Purpose of tonsils

A

fight infections locally (mouth and throat)

59
Q

Purpose of thymus gland

A

develops T-lymphocytes in children, no function in adults (in adults, the T-lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow)

60
Q

Function of spleen

A

destroys old RBCs, produces antibodies, stores RBCs, filters microorganisms

61
Q

Role of lymph system

A

1.Conserve fluid and plasma proteins that leak out of blood vessels into interstitial spaces.
2.Form part of the immune system by filtering micro-organisms out of circulation.
3.Absorb liquid from intestinal tract.

62
Q

Pitting edema

A

Veins not carrying blood ack to heart - resulting in swelling
Grading system from 1-4, miild to very deep depending on palpation reverting to normal

63
Q

Causes of edema

A

Heart faliure, liver disease, kidney disease, venous or lymph insufficiency

64
Q

Why is DVT a medical emergency

A

clots may travel to the heart and lungs causing blockage and lead to ischemia of affected limb.

65
Q

Peripheral Artery Disease

A

condition usually develops slowly over time, but may still cause ischemia or death, if is left untreated.

Usual treatment option for PAD [Peripheral Artery Disease] is a vascular surgery.

NURS123 (13 decks)

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