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YEAR 2 > Cardiovascular - CVS physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular - CVS physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Three main layers of the heart

A
  • Pericardium
  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
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2
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A
  • Protecting the heart from physical damage and
    overexpansion
  • Anchors heart at the right position
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3
Q

What is comprised of pericardium?

A

Tough fibrous tissue

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4
Q

What is comprised of the endocardium?

A

smooth squamous vascular endothelium

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5
Q

What is the function of the endocardium?

A

Minimises friction as the blood flows through the heart

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6
Q

What is comprised of the myocardium?

A

striated muscle

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7
Q

What is the function of the myocardium?

A
  • Cardiomyocytes: branch and connect via
    intercalated discs
  • Blood supply by the coronary arteries (the first
    branches off the aorta)
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8
Q

An artery is defined as a blood vessel that carries

A

any vessel carrying blood away from the heart

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9
Q

Function of the vein

A

any vessel carrying blood to the heart

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10
Q

What does the pulmonary circuit transport?

A

deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the
lungs and returns oxygenated
blood to the left side of the
heart

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11
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the systemic

circulation?

A

The left ventricle

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12
Q

Which layer of the heart is composed of tough fibrous tissue?

A

The pericardium

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13
Q

What is responsible for the rhythmic contraction of the heart?

A

Internal regulating system of the intrinsic conduction system

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14
Q

What are autorhythmic cells?

A

Action potentials (electrical impulses) in the heart originate in specialized cardiac muscle cells

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15
Q

What consists of the autorhythmic cells?

A 
- Sinoatrial (SA) node
(specialized myocardial
tissue)
- Atrioventricular (AV) node
- AV bundle (bundle of His)
- Bundle branches
- Purkinje fibres
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16
Q

Can SA node depolarize spontaneously?

A

Yes (fires at regular intervals generating the Sinus Rhythm)

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17
Q

What are SA node?

A

Pacemaker of the heart

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18
Q

Heart beats with a rhythm of about…

A

60-70 beats per minute (bpm)

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19
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

decreases Heart Rate

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20
Q

What does the sympathetic nerve do?

A

increases Heart Rate

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21
Q

On a normal ECG, what does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarization begins at the apex

22
Q

On the normal ECG, what does ST segment represent?

A

Beginning of ventricular repolarisation

23
Q

On the normal ECG, what does QRS complex represent?

A

Depolarisation of ventricles

24
Q

On the normal ECG, what does P wave represent?

A

Depolarisation of the atria in response to SA signalling

25
Q

On the normal ECG, what does PR segment represent?

A

Delay at the AV node

26
Q

The intrinsic electrical activity of the heart is initiated by the

A

Sinoatrial node

27
Q

The only point of electrical conduction between the atria and the ventricles are the

A

Atrioventricular node

28
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will

A

Increase heart rate

29
Q

Basic principles of cardiac cycle

A

1) Blood flows from higher to lower pressure
2) Contraction increases the pressure
3) Relaxation decreases the pressure
4) Valves open/close according to pressure gradients

30
Q

When does the semiluna valves open?

A

when ventricular pressures are higher than aortic and pulmonary pressures

31
Q

When does the AV valves open?

A

when pressure is higher in the atria and close when the pressure gradient is reversed

32
Q

What are the SIX events of the cardiac cycle?

A

1) Atrial depolarization & contraction
2) Close of AV valves (S1, Lub sound) & Isovolumetric relaxation
3) Rapid Ejection of blood
4) Reduced Ejection of blood
5) Close of Semilunar valves (S2, Dub sound) & Isovolumetric relaxation
6) Filling of the ventricles

33
Q

Define cardiac output (CO)

A

the volume of blood each

ventricle pumps expressed in Litres/min

34
Q

Define heart rate (HR)

A

number of heartbeats per

minute (bpm)

35
Q

Define stroke volume (SV)

A

the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole (Litres/beat)

36
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

37
Q

If 72 bpm eject 70mL of blood with each beat, the cardiac output is ……

A

Answer: ~5 L/min

Convert stroke volume mL to L: 70/1000= 0.07 L
CO= 72 bpm x 0.07 L
CO= ~5 L/min

38
Q

Factors affecting heart rate (HR)

A
  1. Autonomic Nervous System
    • Sympathetic – increases HR
    • Parasympathetic – decreases HR
  2. Chemicals
    • Noradrenaline
    • Acetylcholine
39
Q

Factors that affect stroke volume (SV)

A

contractility, preload, and afterload

40
Q

Formula for finding stroke volume

A

SV = EDV – ESV

SV = volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle
during each heart beat (L/beat)

EDV = volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of
ventricular diastole

ESV = volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of
ventricular systole

41
Q

What does stroke volume represent?

A

the difference between end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV)

42
Q

What is the relationship between SV and EDV known as?

A

Frank-Starling mechanism

43
Q

How would venous return affect cardiac output?

A

if the systemic venous return is suddenly increased (e.g., changing from upright to supine position), right ventricular preload increases leading to an increase in stroke volume and pulmonary blood flow. The left ventricle experiences an increase in pulmonary venous return, which in turn increases left ventricular preload and stroke volume by the Frank-Starling mechanism. In this way, an increase in venous return can lead to a matched increase in cardiac output.

44
Q

Define systole

A

period of ventricular contraction & blood ejection

45
Q

Define diastole?

A

ventricular relaxation & blood filling

46
Q

Define systolic pressure

A

the maximum pressure blood exerts on the arterial wall when your heart beats to pump blood out.

47
Q

Define diastolic pressure

A

the minimum pressure blood exerted on the arterial wall when the heart rests in between beats, which reflects how strongly the arteries are resisting blood flow

48
Q

What is blood pressure determined by?

A

cardiac output (CO) and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)

49
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure?

A

BP = CO x PVR

50
Q

Formula for pressure

A

Pressure = Force ÷ Area

YEAR 2 (4 decks)

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