Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
(27 cards)
Three things an atherosclerotic plaque can cause
Stiffening leading to HTN, stenosis leading to angina, plaque rupture leading to ACS
Modifiable risk factors
Smoking, alcohol, poor diet, low exercise, obesity, poor sleep, stress
Non-modifiable risk factors
Older age, family history, male
Medical co-morbidities which increase risk of atherosclerosis
Diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory conditions such as RA and atypical antipsychotic medications
End results of atherosclerosis
Angina, MI, TIAs, stroke, PVD, mesenteric ischaemia
What is the Q risk 3 score?
Risk that a patient will have a stroke or MI in the next 10 years.
What is the guidance with a Q risk 3 score
If above 10% then offer a statin
Secondary prevention measures of CVD
Aspirin - and second antiplatelet (Clopidogrel) for 12 months
Atorvastatin 80mg
Atenolol (or beta blocker)
ACEI (ramipril)
Side effects of statins
Myopathy - check creatine kinase in pts with muscle pain or weakness.
T2DM
Haemorrhagic stroke (very rare)
Causes of contributors of Peripehral vasc disease
Atherosclerosis and blood vessel spasms, smoking, high BP, diabetes and high cholesterol
Signs of PVD
Legs, arms, and feet show reduced hair growth, turn reddish/blue, pale, thin, weak pulse, wounds or ulcers, cramps, thick or opaque nails, muscles are numb or heavy and most commonly claudication
Diagnosis of PVD
Doppler US, ankle brachial index, angiography, MRA, CTA
Treatment to increase blood flow
Cilostazol or pentoxifylline
Treatment to reduce clotting
Clopidogrel or aspirin
Treatment to lower cholesterol
Atorvastatin or simvastatin
Treatment for hypertension
ACEI - ramipril
Treatment if there is significant artery blockage
Angioplasty or vascular surgery
Ways to manage and treat PVD
Increase blood flow, reduce clotting, lower cholesterol, manage hypertension
What are varicose veins
Dilated and tortuous superficial veins most often affecting the lower limb. Due to valve incompetence resulting in retrograde flow and blood pooling
Presentation of varicose veins
Visible superficial veins, pain, cramping, heaviness, oedema, venous ulcers, discolouration (haemosiderin) and haemorrhage
When is management of varicose veins offered
Not required unless bleeing, pain, ulceration, thromboplebitis, or significant psychological comorbidity
Management of varicose veins
Lifestyle modification, radiofreq ablation, endovenous laser ablation, injection sclerotherapy or surgery
What is Corrigan’s sign
Visivle distention and collapse of carotids in neck
What is De Musset’s sign
Head bobbing with each heart beat
