Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Emergency Medicine > Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

(60 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Where has cardiovascular disease been the main killer since 1990?

A

Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the main reason for creating the paramedic profession?

A

To provide early, definitive treatments for patients with acute myocardial infarcation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many people die in England every year from coronary heart disease?

A

Over 110,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the anatomical location of the heart?

A

In the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum behind the left of the sternum. The apex of the heart is on the bottom and lies along the diagram.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the size of the heart

A

Approximately 12cm long and 9cm wide.

Weighing 250-390g in a man and 200-275g in a woman.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the anatomy of the ascending aorta.

A

The ascending has the coronary arteries coming off it supplying the heart muscle with blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the anatomy of the arch of the aorta

A

The arch has three branches off it. The brachiocephalic artery (which decided into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery)
The left common carotid artery
The left subclavian artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the anatomy of the descending aorta.

A 
As it enters the abdomen the left and right renal arteries branch off
The lumbar arteries branch out from behind.
Then the left and and right gonadals then come out of the side. Ovarian and spermatic arteries)
The superior (intestines) and inferior (large intestine) mesentric branch from the front.
In the abdomen it branches into the two common iliac arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Use diagram to mark up inner anatomy of the heart.

A 
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Aortic arch
Ascending aorta
Aortic valve
Left pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscle
Left ventricle
Interventricular septum
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does blood flow through the heart?

A 
In through the superior vena cava.
Into the right atrium
Through the triscuspid valve
Into the right at ventricle
Through the pulmonary valve
Through the pulmonary artery
To the lungs
Down the pulmonary vein
Into the left atrium
Through the mitral valve
In to the left ventricle
Through the aortic valve
Into the aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the functions of the cardiovascular system and blood.

A 
Carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
Maintain body temperature
Maintain the acid-base balance through excretion and absorption of hydrogen ions.
Regulation of fluid balance
Removal of waste products
Blood clotting
Defence action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much blood does the heart pump each day

A

7000 to 9000 litres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the outer layers of the heart.

A

Two tough sacs surrounding the heart. The serous pericardium and the fiborus pericardium

The fiborus a tough, inelastic layer made up of dense, irregular, connective tissue. Prevents over stretching if the heart, protection and holds heart in place.

The serous pericardium thinner more delicate inner layer of the pericardium, fused to the fibrous

In between the serous and epicardium is the pericardial cavity filled with fluid called the pericardial fluid. This reduces friction between the membranes as the heart moves.

Does not stretch readily
Cannot accommodate sudden accumulations of fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the inner layers of the heart

A

The epicardium the layer outer layer.
The myocardium the muscular layer dealing the mechanical motion of the heart and initiating and and conducting of electrical pulses.
The endocardium the inner layer of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Use a diagram to label the outer anatomy of the heart.

A 
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Right atrium right coronary artery
Posterior descending artery
Right marginal artery
Right ventricle
Left pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary. Wins
Left coronary artery
Left circumflex artery
Left marginal artery
Left anterior descending artery
Diagonal branch
Left ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the anatomy of an artery on diagram

A

Tunia adventitia outer fiborus sheath

Tunica media middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

Tunica intima smooth outer lining of the endothelium

endothelium inner lining of artery

Lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are arteries

A

Thick walled, muscular tubes that carry blood away from the heart and are usually oxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the atrial wall

A

Highly sensitive to stimulation from the autonomic nervous system.

Changes diameter as it contracts and relaxes

Regulates blood pressure generated by blood flowing through the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the capillaries

A

A network of microscopic vessels between the arterioles and venules.

Extremely thin walled to allow gas and nutrient exchange

Diameter is so small that blood must pass through in single file.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the veins.

A

They operate on the low pressure side of the system and have thinner walls than arteries. They have less capacity to decrease their diameter than arteries.
They work through a system of calves and back pressure
The inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower part of the body
The superior carries blood from the upper part.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the heart vary blood flow.

A

Heart varies the degree of its contractions.

The tighter it squeezes the more ventricular blood is ejected into the heart.

Nervous controls regulate the contractibility of the heart.

It can be altered with drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is special about the heart.

A

It generates its own electrical impulses

It has specialised conductive tissue and its own pacemaker the Sinoatrial node.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What factors affect heart rate?

A 
Circulating chemicals
Activity and exercise as we exercise more oxygen is needed and the heart rate increases to meet this need
Emotional states
Gender
Age
Body temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe a cardiac cycle

A

P atrial depolarisation. The time taken for an electrical impulse to spread throughout the atrial musculature
P-R the time taken to travel through the av node to the bundle of his
QRS represents ventricular depolarisation
ST period between ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation
T repolarization of the ventricles
R-R the time between two depolarisations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name the parts of the impulse anatomy of the heart using the diagram.
``` SA node Internodal pathways Av node Bungle of his Right bundle branch Purkinje fibers Left anterior fascicle Left posterior fascicle Left bundle branch ```
26
What is coronary heart disease?
Disease of the blood vessels which supply the heart.
27
What coronary heart disease cause.
Ischemia insufficient blood supply | Infarcation death of a area.
28
What is atherosclerosis
A condition where arteries become clogged with fatty substances called plaques or atheroma. Affects the inner lining of the aorta, cerebral and coronary blood vessels. Provides a focus for the formation of a fixed clot.
29
What is arteriosclerosis.
Thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of an artery. Caused by calcium precipitate from the blood stream into the arterial walls This greatly reduces the elasticity of the arteries.
30
What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
``` Hypertension Cigarette smoking Diabetes High serum cholesterol levels Lack of exercise Obesity Family history of heart disease or stroke Male sex ```
31
What is acute coronary syndrome.
A term used to refer to a range of ACUTE myocardial ischaemic states.
32
What device do we use to diagnose acute coronary syndromes.
12 lead ECG
33
What is the pathophisology of angina
Inner wall of the artery known as the intima over time get small asymptomatic amounts of plaque build on it. Over time a large but stable lump may form making blood flow to the coronary arteries harder and blood pressure higher. Heart become ischeamic and starts to go into an anaerobic state causing pain in the chest. Symptoms usually happen after exertion or stress. This is stable angina. The plaque can develop tears and become unstable. The body try's to repair this developing a thrombus over the area. Which leads to unstable angina or even MIs.
34
How would you recognise stable angina.
Follows a pattern Pain after exertion Predictable location, intensity and duration GTN is usually taken which provides relief
35
How would unstable angina be recognised.
Noticeable changes in frequency, severity, and duration of angina pain. Often occurs without stress or exertion GTN not always as effective. Indicates a greater degree of obstruction and may be a precursor to an MI.
36
Describe acute myocardial infarction. How is it caused What affects the location and size
Also known as a heart attack A portion of the cardiac muscle is deprived of coronary blood blood flow long enough that portions of the muscle die. Could be caused by either occlusion by a blood clot Spasm of a coronary artery Or reduction of the overall blood flow The coronary artery that is blocked Where along the artery it's blocked
37
What are the common signs of an acute myocardial infarcation What other associated signs may there be
Central chest pain which builds up over time. Often described as heavy, squeezing, crushing or tight Pain can 'radiate' up into the neck and jaw down both arms No position eases the pain Patients can present with associated symptoms but minus the pain. Ashen grey pallor, diaphoresis (sweating) clamminess Acute dyspnoea Nausea and vomiting Dizziness, lightheadedness or profound weakness Apprehensive, looks scared, with a sense of impending doom. Many woman present differently and can ignore their symptoms.
38
How do you manage a AMI
Use the systematic approach (a,b,c) Gain a history of the presenting complaint Commence assessment and treatment accordingly Aim to be en route to hospital in 10mins Gain sufficient evidence (baseline observations, 12 lead ecg) Goals of treatment Limit size of mi Decrease the patients fear and pain Prevent development of serious cardiac arrhythmias
39
What pain relief can be given to a patient in the correct order
Oxygen Aspirin GTN-ask for paramedic Morphine- ask for paramedic
40
Where should the ecg electors be placed
V1 4th intercostal space to right of the sturnum V2 4th intercostal space to the right of the sturnum V4 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular, to the left of the sturnum V6 5th intercostal space, mid-axila to the left of the sturnum V3 between 2 and 4 V5 between 4 and 6 Red right arm r Yellow left arm l Green left leg f Black right leg n
41
How would you transport a MI patient
Minimise effort by patient Get to vehicle in wheel chair or carry chair Place in semi recumbent position on stretcher Continue to monitor, assess and treat patient accordingly Safe and appropriate transport with ASHICE call preferably to PPCI (Primary percutaneous coronary intervention) Time is muscle Be prepared for cardiac arrest
42
What is ASHICE
``` Age Sex History Injuries/illness Condition- obs ETA ```
43
What happens in chronic heart failure?
Heart is unable to pump blood fast enough to empty its chambers Blood backs up into the systemic circuit, the pulmonary or both.
44
What are the two types of interlinked heart failures
Left sided failure (left ventricular failure (LFV)) Right sided failure (right ventricular failure (RVF))
45
What are the consequences of LVF?
Back flow in the system Increased pressure in the lungs Pulmonary oedema
46
What are the signs and symptoms of LVF
``` Sever dyspnoea Tachyponea Tachycardia Elevated blood pressure Extream restlessness and agitation Confusion Crackles and possibly wheezes Frothy, sputum in late stages could be 'pink' in colour. ```
47
Explain RVF
Often causes as a result of left sided heart failure, as the right side is unable to keep up with the workload Other causes could be pulmonary embolism or COPD Blood backs up behind the right ventricle Backs up into systemic circulation
48
What are the symptoms of right sided heart failure
``` Shortness of breath Swelling of feet and ankles (peripheral oedema Distended neck veins Increased urination Palpitations Irregular fast heart beat Fatigue Weakness Fainting ```
49
What is the management of heart failure
Aim Improve oxygenation and decrease the hearts workload Reduce the volume of venous blood ``` Management includes Give oxygen via sp02 reading Sit patient up, with feet dangling Attach monitoring electrodes Administer GTN Furosemide Salbutamol Transport in sitting position ```
50
What is cardiac tamponade
Build up of blood or fluid in the serous cavity putting pressure on the heart.
51
What are the signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade
Classic symptom of narrowing pulse pressure Initial drop in blood pressure is usually followed by an increase in heart rate leading to tachycardia Heart sounds may be muffled or quieter than usual Jugular vein distension Becks triad (low systolic/muffled heart sounds/vein distension) ECG of limited value
52
What is the management of cardiac tamponade?
The ultimate treatment is pericardiocentesis/thoracotomy So rapid transport is imperative Support airway, breathing and oxygenation
53
What is cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock is when the heart has been so damaged that it is unable to supply enough blood to the organs of the body.
54
What are the symptoms of cardiogenic shock
Confused or comatose due to reduced cerebral perfusion If conscious likely to be restless and anxious Pale, cold skin Rapid, shallow respirations Pulse is racing and thready As compensatory mechanisms begin to fail, blood pressure will fall.
55
What is the management of cardiogenic shock
Improve oxygenation and peripheral perfusion Advanced airway may be necessary if the patient is comatose Place the patient in a supine position unless pulmonary oedema present then use semi-recumbent position Transport expeditiously Apply monitoring electrodes Call for paramedic support
56
What is an aneurysm?
Dialation or outpouring of a blood vessel Aneurysms are of greatest concern in pre-hospital care Swelling of the aorta greater than 1.5 times normal usually representing weakness in the wall of the aorta at that location Generally caused by degenerative changes in the wall of the aorta Pronounced with advancing age and people with chronic hyper-tension
57
What is a dissecting aneurism
Separation of the arterial wall, begins when the intima is torn and crates a false channel between the intima and Musial layers of the wall.
58
What are the signs and symptoms of a dissecting acute aortic aneurism
Most common complaint is sudden ripping, tearing or sharp pain in the chest that radiates into the back. Symptoms depend on the site of and size of the tear Likely to cause a difference in blood pressure Disruption of blood flow into the left common carotid artery may produce signs of a stroke Death is almost always as a result of aortic rupture into the pericardium and caused by cardiac tamponade A puss tile mass palpable in the abdomen
59
Management of an acute dissecting aneurysm
``` Adequate pain relief Oxygen if low sats Calm and reassure patient Apply monitoring electrodes and obtain ECG Paramedic interventions required Transport without delay ```
60
Who shouldn't you give morphine or nitrates to
Hypotension patients

Emergency Medicine (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions