cardiovascular diseases Flashcards
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy
etiology:
-Dilation of heart chambers from thinning myocardium enlargement of LV
-Decreased SV and CO
- taurine deficient diet in cats
Clinical signs:
-weakness
-lethargy
-exercise intolerance
-syncope (passing out)
-murmur from backflow of blood
-arrhythmias
-atrial fibrillation
-enlarged atria
-heart failure
Diagnosis:
-Echo: atrial and ventricular wall thinning, ventricular dilation
-ECG: widened QRS and P waves
Treatment:
-diuretics: increase removal of fluids=decrease fluid load
-ACE inhibitors: stop conversion of ANG I to ANG II; lowers BP
-beta-blockers: decrease BP, correct arrhythmias
-oral taurine supplement
poor prognosis; progressive disease
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of Boxer right ventricular cardiomyopathy
etiology:
-genetic disease
-progressive replacement of RV myocardium with fibrous tissue=weak myocardium
clinical signs:
-ventricular arrhythmias
-syncope
-sudden death
diagnosis:
-arrhythmias
-murmurs
-ECG: premature contraction of ventricles
-Echo: dilation of LV
-Holter monitor
-radiograph: enlarged LV or RV
-genetic testing
treatment:
-mexiletine: correct arrhythmias
poor prognosis; sudden death can occur with exercise and excitement
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of feline dilated cardiomyopathy
etiology:
-associated w/ taurine deficiency
-similar to cardiomyopathy in dogs
clinical signs:
-weakness
-lethargy
-exercise intolerance
-syncope (passing out)
-murmur from backflow of blood
-arrhythmias
-atrial fibrillation
-enlarged atria
-heart failure
diagnosis:
-ECG
-clinical signs
-arrhythmias and murmurs
-Echo
treatment:
-oral taurine supplement
-hydralazine: decrease BP
good prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
etiology:
-LV walls too thick
-decrease filling capacity and cardiac output
-secondary blood clots
diagnosis:
-echo: thick LV and dilated LA
-radiograph: mild LA enlargement
treatment (feline):
-ACE inhibitors
-beta-blockers
-low-dose anticoagulants
-diuretics
poor prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of patent ductus arteriosus
etiology:
-hole between aorta and pulmonary artery doesn’t close
-too much blood pumped to lungs
-left-side of heart overloaded with blood
clinical signs:
-machinery murmur
diagnosis:
-Echo: LV and aortic dilation
-radiograph: LA and LV dilation
treatment:
-surgical correction
good prognosis w/ surgery; dogs with disease should not be bred
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of atrial and ventricular septal defects
etiology:
-ventricular septal defect: blood moves from R to L, overloading the left side
-atrial septal defect: blood moves from L to R, overloading right side
diagnosis:
-radiograph: R or L side enlargement
-echo: abnormal passage of blood
-murmur
treatment:
-vasodilators
-repair of septal defect
good prognosis; usually minimal treatment
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of stenotic valves
etiology:
-thickening and lesions cause narrowing of blood tract
- increase ventricular pressure=ventricular hypertrophy, atrium enlargement, decrease cardiac output
diagnosis:
-radiograph: RV enlargement, aortic or pulmonary dilation
-echo: RV hypertrophy, dilation of artery tract
-murmur
treatment:
-balloon valvuloplasty (balloon placed in valve via catheter, balloon inflated 2-3 times, and deflated to stretch valve opening)
guarded prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of subaortic stenosis
etiology:
-thickening of endocardium below aorta=narrowing of valves
-can lead to left-side failure, sudden death
clinical signs:
-murmur
-exercise intolerance
-syncope
-heart failure/sudden death
diagnosis:
-radiograph: LV and atrial hypertrophy, aortic dilation
-echo: LV hypertrophy
treatment:
-restrict exercise
-balloon valvuloplasty
-beta-blockers
poor prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic mitral valve insufficiency
etiology:
-fibroblastic lesions on valves=failure to close=mitral valve regurgitation/backflow into LA
clinical signs:
-cough
-dyspnea (labored breathing), tachypnea (rapid breathing)
-decrease appetite
-loud, systolic murmur
diagnosis:
-radiograph: pulmonary edema (swelling due to fluid)
-echo: LA and LV hypertrophy, thickening of mitral valve
treatment:
-diuretics, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, cough suppressant
-low sodium diet
-weight loss
poor prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of degenerative valvular disease
etiology:
-mitral or tricuspid stenosis/backflow through leaky valves
-increase workload on heart, decrease cardiac output
clinical signs:
-murmur
-exercise intolerance
-fever
-weight loss
-lameness
-arrhythmias
diagnosis:
-echo
-ECG
treatment:
-diuretics
-digoxin: control rate and rhythm of heartbeat
-ACE inhibitors
good prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of bacterial endocarditis
etiology:
-inflammation of endocardium due to bacteria
-elevated immune response, decrease cardiac output
diagnosis:
-CBC: elevated WBC
-fever
treatment:
-IV antibiotics (potassium penicillin, gentamicin)
guarded prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of atrial fibrillation
etiology:
-no organized atrial contractions
-decrease cardiac output
-associated w/ underlying cardiomyopathy
clinical signs:
-weakness
-dyspnea (labored breathing)
-syncope
diagnosis:
-ECG: no P waves, wavy baseline
-rapid, irregular HR
treatment:
-beta blockers
-calcium channel blockers
-equine: quinidine (control rhythm), transverse electric conversion therapy
poor prognosis in small animals, good prognosis in horses (regular ECG monitoring required)
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of ventricular tachycardia
etiology:
-persistently fast HR
-progress to ventricular fibrillation=cardiac arrest=death
clinical signs:
-weakness
-collapse
-syncope
-rapid HR
diagnosis:
-auscultation: rapid HR
-ECG: widened QRS waves
treatment:
-procainamide: slow HR
-lidocaine: pain management
-mexiletine: correct arrhythmias
guarded prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of sinus bradycardia
etiology:
-slow HR
clinical signs:
-usually asymptomatic
-weakness
-syncope
diagnosis:
-auscultation of slow HR
-ECG: normal PQRST complexes
treatment:
-atropine: increases HR
-pacemaker
good prognosis
explain the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of thromboembolism
etiology:
- blood clots leave heart and block artery
-hindlimb pain and paralysis
clinical signs:
-acute rear pain and paralysis
-cold, bluish foot pads, decreased circulation
treatment:
-heparin: anticoagulant
-prophylaxis
-equine: NSAIDs, antibiotics, surgical removal of obstruction
