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BE Correlates: Cardiology > Cardiovascular Diseases: High Yield Concepts in Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHD) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diseases: High Yield Concepts in Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHD) Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Most common underlying cause of myocardial ischemia and injury

A

Obstruction of coronary arteries by atherosclerosis

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2
Q

Most common underlying cause of myocardial ischemia and injury

A

Obstruction of coronary arteries by atherosclerosis

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3
Q

Most common cause of anterior chest muscoskeletal pain

A

Costochondral and chondrosternal syndromes

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4
Q

Myocardial perfusion occurs during this time

A

Diastole

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5
Q

Major cause of death and premature disability in developed societies

A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Represents the initial lesion of atherosclerosis

A

Fatty Streak

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7
Q

Major features of metabolic syndrome

A 
Central obesity
Hyperglycemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Hypertension
Low HDL cholesterol
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8
Q

Age when lipid screening should start (based on current ATP III guidelines)

A

All adults > 20 years (fasting lipid profile: total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL) repeated every 5 years

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9
Q

First maneuver to achieve LDL goal

A

Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC)

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10
Q

Ultimately causes the gravest complications of atherosclerosis

A

Thrombosis

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11
Q

Key feature of the metabolic syndrome

A

Central adiposity

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12
Q

Most accepted and unifying hypothesis to describe pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome

A

Insulin resistance

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13
Q

Driving force behind the metabolic syndrome

A

Obesity

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14
Q

Primary approach to metabolic syndrome

A

Weight reduction (caloric restriction; most important component)

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15
Q

Drug of choice to lower LDL

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins)

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16
Q

Drug of choice to lower fasting TG

A

Fibrates

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17
Q

Only currently available drug with predictable HDL-raising properties

A

Nicotinic acid

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18
Q

Most common cause of myocardial ischemia

A

Atherosclerotic disease of epicardial coronary artery

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19
Q

Major site of atherosclerotic disease

A

Epicardial arteries (Most common: Left Anterior Descending Artery)

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20
Q

Sites of predilection for atherosclerotic plaques to develop due to increased turbulence

A

Branch points in the epicardial arteries

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21
Q

Time frame for reversible damage in myocardium

A
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22
Q

Most common cause of anterior chest muscoskeletal pain

A

Costochondral and chondrosternal syndromes

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23
Q

Myocardial perfusion occurs during this time

A

Diastole

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24
Q

Major cause of death and premature disability in developed societies

A

Atherosclerosis

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25
Represents the initial lesion of atherosclerosis
Fatty Streak
26
Major features of metabolic syndrome
``` Central obesity Hyperglycemia Hypertriglyceridemia Hypertension Low HDL cholesterol ```
27
Age when lipid screening should start (based on current ATP III guidelines)
All adults > 20 years (fasting lipid profile: total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL) repeated every 5 years
28
First maneuver to achieve LDL goal
Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC)
29
Ultimately causes the gravest complications of atherosclerosis
Thrombosis
30
Key feature of the metabolic syndrome
Central adiposity
31
Most accepted and unifying hypothesis to describe pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome
Insulin resistance
32
Driving force behind the metabolic syndrome
Obesity
33
Primary approach to metabolic syndrome
Weight reduction (caloric restriction; most important component)
34
Drug of choice to lower LDL
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins)
35
Drug of choice to lower fasting TG
Fibrates
36
Only currently available drug with predictable HDL-raising properties
Nicotinic acid
37
Most common cause of myocardial ischemia
Atherosclerotic disease of epicardial coronary artery
38
Major site of atherosclerotic disease
Epicardial arteries (Most common: Left Anterior Descending Artery)
39
Sites of predilection for atherosclerotic plaques to develop due to increased turbulence
Branch points in the epicardial arteries
40
Primary cause of in-hospital deaths from STEMI
Pump Failure
41
Most widely used test for both the diagnosis of IHD and estimating the prognosis
Electrocardiographic Stress Testing
42
Route of administration where absorption of nitrates is most rapid and complete
Sublingual / through mucous membranes
43
Most common route in administration of nitroglycerin
Sublingual
44
Door-to-needle time
≤30 minutes
45
Only absolute contraindications to nitrate use
``` Hypotension Sildenafil or other drugs in that class in previous 24-48 hours ```
46
Most important adverse effect of all antithrombotic agents
Excessive bleeding
47
Most common artery involved in focal spasms of Prinzmetal angina
Right Coronary Artery
48
Main agents for acute episodes and to abolish recurrent episodes of Prinzmetal's angina
Nitrates & Calcium Channel Blockers (Nifedipine)
49
Type of necrosis seen in MI
Coagulation Necrosis (preserved architecture, faded details)
50
Time frame where gross changes in MI occur
12 hours after the onset of symptoms
51
Color changes in MI
Mottling: 4 hours Bright yellow: 1 week Surrounding red granulation tissue: 2 weeks Gray-white scar: 2 months
52
Full thickness/Transmural; ECG: ST-elevation, Q-waves; associated with increased early mortality
Q-wave infarction (equivalent to STEMI in Clinical Medicine)
53
Partial-thickness/Subendocardial; involves inner third of the myocardium; ECG: ST-depression; increased risk of infarction and sudden cardiac death post-M.I.
Non-Q-wave Infarction (equivalent to NSTE ACS in Clinical Medicine)
54
Fibrinous Pericarditis (bread & butter pericarditis) post-MI
Dressler's Syndrome
55
Myocardial rupture post-MI occurs in patients who are
1st time MI patients (cardiac scar in those with previous MI prevents rupture)
56
Pivotal diagnostic and triage tool because it is at the center of the decision pathway for management in STEMI
12-lead ECG
57
Most common presenting complaint in STEMI
Chest pain
58
Preferred biochemical markers for MI
Cardiac-Specific Troponin T & Cardiac-Specific Troponin I
59
Primary cause of out-of-hospital deaths from STEMI
Ventricular Fibrillation
60
Primary cause of in-hospital deaths from STEMI
Pump Failure
61
Most common clinical signs of pump failure
Pulmonary rales; S3 and S4 gallop sounds
62
Greatest delay usually occurs between
Onset of pain and the patient's decision to call for help
63
Principal goal of fibrinolysis
Prompt restoration of full coronary arterial patency
64
Door-to-needle time
≤30 minutes
65
MOst frequent and potentially the mostserious complication of fibrinolysis
Hemorrhage (Hemorrhagic stroke: Most serious complication)
66
Standard antiplatelet agent for STEMI
Aspirin
67
Standard anticoagulant agent for STEMI
Unfractionated Heparin
68
Extent of LV involvement that usually results in cardiogenic shock
Infarction > 40%
69
Usual duration of hospitalization for an uncomplicated STEMI
5 days
70
Most common complication of angioplasty
Restenosis
71
Most common thrombi found in NSTEMI (composed mainly of platelets)
White Thrombi
72
Most common thrombi found in STEMI (composed of cells and fibrin)
Red Thrombi

BE Correlates: Cardiology (19 decks)

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