Cardiovascular Disorders

Question 1

Blood pressure depends on cardiac output and

Answer 1

peripheral resistance

Question 2

What organ releases ACE which activates angiotensin?

Answer 2

lungs

Question 3

Where does ADH come from?

Answer 3

posterior pituitary gland

Question 4

Primary or Essential Hypertension

Answer 4

BP consistently above 140/90

Question 5

BP consistently high, uncontrollable with 3 or more drugs

Answer 5

Malignant or resistant hypertension

Question 6

Decrease in renal blood flow

Answer 6

Triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 7

Parasympathetic Neurons

Answer 7

Vagus Nerve - triggers the release of Acetylcholine - Decreases Heart Rate

Question 8

carotid sinus

Answer 8

located in In Internal Carotid Artery

senses blood pressure going into the head
Stretch receptors in stretched tissue monitors blood pressure (high blood pressure will activate the sympathetic pathway

Question 9

Baroreceptor Details

Answer 9

pressure receptors (monitor the stretch)

Patch of tissue stretches (the amount of stretch measures the blood pressure)

Glossopharyngeal nerve - attached to this area and senses the pressure of the blood

Question 10

Chemoreceptors

Answer 10

Sensitive to levels of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

Located in Aortic body and Carotid Body
Monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide

When oxygen level is low We are going to increase blood pressure

Question 11

Pathway of Chemoreceptors

Answer 11

Blood oxygen levels are low → Message will be sent to the cardiovascular center → Increase heart rate, blood pressure → cardiac output is increase we want to get more oxygen to the body and head.

Question 12

Hormonal Regulation

Answer 12

Antidiuretic Hormone, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Renin

Question 13

Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)

Answer 13

Produced in the posterior pituitary gland

stimulates kidneys to conserve water by raising increase blood volume by reducing urine output

(higher blood volume = higher pressure , low blood volume = low blood pressure)

also is a vasoconstrictor = increase blood pressure (smaller diameter = higher blood pressure).

Question 14

Adrenal Medulla Hormones Function

Answer 14

Enhance Sympathetic Response

will increase vasoconstriction (decrease diameter size.)

increased cardiac output and heart rate leads to increase of blood pressure

Question 15

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

Answer 15

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 16

Epinephrine function

Answer 16

promotes fight or flight response

Question 17

Renin

Answer 17

an enzyme produced by kidney cells that plays a key role in controlling arterial blood pressure

Question 18

Norepinephrine

Answer 18

helps control alertness and arousal

Question 19

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 19

There are Specific cells in kidneys that are very sensitive to blood pressure /blood flow

When blood flows to kidney’s and they sense (Low blood pressure = low blood volume), then the cells of the kidney will produce renin.

Renin has to be present in the kidney’s to create (angiotensin II = hormone)

angiotensin II will to go adrenal gland and help the adrenal gland stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce Aldosterone which will increase water conservation in the kidneys

water conservation increases blood volume which then increase blood pressure

Question 20

low blood volume

Answer 20

low blood pressue

Question 21

artery tunics

Answer 21

Tunica interna, tunica media, Tunica Externa

Question 22

Tunica Interna

Answer 22

has endothelium - makes the artery smooth.

Has Basement membrane

Internal elastic lamina - Only in arteries not veins

Question 23

Tunica Media

Answer 23

Thickest layer

Smooth muscle layer (veins do not have a big capability of smooth muscle)

External elastic lamina (only in artery not vein

Question 24

Tunica Externa

Answer 24

Elastic tissue

Thicker smooth muscle = artery

composed entirely of connective fibers and surrounded by an external elastic lamina which functions to anchor vessels with surrounding tissues. The tunica externa is often thicker in veins to prevent collapse of the blood vessel and provide protection from damage since veins may be superficially located.

Question 25

Veins

Answer 25

have valves (prevents back-flow) - pressure is low

Question 26

Capillaries

Answer 26

structure has a simple layer of endothelium layer

Question 27

the level of the capillaries

Answer 27

Depending on the tissue that has high metabolic activity (high oxygen demand) = high level of capillaries (brain, liver, kidney's, nervous system. Tissues with lower metabolic activity will require less oxygen demand, such as the tendons, ligaments and less levels of capillaries

Question 28

areas that have no capillaries

Answer 28

Cornea, Epithelium (epidermis), Cartilage, Lens

Question 29

System Circulation

Answer 29

blood vessels that supply all the body (not blood vessels that supply the lungs)

Question 30

pulmonary circulation

Answer 30

Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs

Question 31

Blood flow in venous system depends on:

Answer 31

gravity, skeletal muscle movements, and respiratory movements

Question 32

Normal Blood pressure control system will vasodilate if

Answer 32

there is an increase in O2

Question 33

An increase in temperature will cause____________ in blood vessels

Answer 33

vasodilation

Question 34

Factors that can cause variations in BP include:

Answer 34

blood volume, viscosity, and elasticity of arteries

Question 35

Decreasing stroke volume and vasodialating will cause:

Answer 35

a decrease in BP

Question 36

What stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water to increase blood volume?

Answer 36

aldosterone

Question 37

Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to

Answer 37

stroke, kidney damage, retinal damage

Question 38

Atherosclerosis risk factors

Answer 38

-Age (more common in elderly) -Gender (more common in men) -High blood cholesterol levels -High blood pressure -Cigarette smoking sedentary lifestyle uncontrolled diabetes oral contraceptives

Question 39

CABG

Answer 39

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft used when coronary arteries are almost fully occluded.

Question 40

Cardiovascular Center - in Medulla Oblongata

Answer 40

Sympathetic Neurons and Parasymphatic Neuron

Question 41

Sympathetic neurons

Answer 41

trigger the release of Norepinephrine: Increases Heart Rate cardiac accelerator nerves

Question 42

Pressure Receptors (Baroreceptors) location

Answer 42

Aortic Sinus = in Aortic Arch patch of pressure sensitive tissue. Blood was just in the left ventricle = high pressure, we are sensing pressure. Carotid Sinus (In Internal Carotid Artery) senses blood pressure going into the head Stretch receptors in stretched tissue monitors blood pressure (high blood pressure will activate the sympathetic pathway

Question 43

Aortic Sinus

Answer 43

located in Aortic Arch and patch of pressure sensitive tissue. Blood was just in the left ventricle = high pressure, we are sensing pressure.

Question 44

diuretic

Answer 44

agent that increases urine output given to patients with high blood pressure Reduce water in body = Lower blood volume = lower blood pressure Increase urination

Question 45

What chemical increases water reabsorption through the collecting ducts of the kidneys?

Answer 45

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 46

Secondary Hypertension

Answer 46

caused by renal or endocrine disease

Question 47

Control mechanism for blood pressure.

Answer 47

BP=COxPR

Question 48

Action of ACE?

Answer 48

Slows activity of angiotensin converting enzyme to decrease production of angiotensin II.

Question 49

Side effects of BP meds?

Answer 49

nausea, hypotension

Question 50

Atherosclerosis

Answer 50

Arterial problem with the presence of plaques made of lipids, cells, fibrin, cell debris and thrombi (atheromas)

Question 51

Atheroscerosis treatments

Answer 51

Lose weight, lower LDL cholesterol, Decrease sodium, control diabetes and hypertension, stop smoking

Question 52

Describe the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system to decrease blood pressure.

Answer 52

Due to low fluid flow into kidneys, they release Renin which joins Angiotensinogen from liver in the bloodstream. These together enzymatically create Angiotensin I which together with ACE from lungs creates Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes widespread vasoconstriction and also stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to increase sodium uptake and water follows. This increases blood pressure.

Question 53

capacitance vessels

Answer 53

veins

Question 54

Angiotensin

Answer 54

vasoconstrictor

Question 55

Baroreceptors

Answer 55

Found in some artery walls. Relay changes in BP to the medulla oblongata.

Question 56

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 56

General term for all types of arterial changes