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Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

(66 cards)

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0
Q

Hypertension (HTN) E/T

A

Idiopathic, risk factors include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, chronic stress, high-salt diet, saturated fats, family history

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1
Q

Essential Hypertension (HTN) D/S

A

Persistently elevated blood pressure ( BP> 140/90 mmHg) without apparent cause

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2
Q

HTN S/S

A

Asymptomatic for months, even years, brain, heart, kidney undergo vascular changes

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3
Q

HTN D/X

A

Elevated BP on three separate readings

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4
Q

HTN T/X

A

Change in diet, exercise, stress reduction, Antihypertensive drug therapy, diuretics

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5
Q

HTN P/P

A

Good if detected early/avoid risk factors, exercise, eat right

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6
Q

Hypotension / Orthostatic Hypotension

A

Drop in BP > 20 points with a change in positionnwhichncan lead to the following:
Dizziness
Fainting

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7
Q

Causes Orthostatic Hypotension:

A
  1. Reduced cardiac output 2ry heart disease
  2. Dilation of arterioles 2ry to sepsis
  3. Reduced blood volume (dehydration, bleeding…)
  4. Autonomic nervous system disorders
  5. Medication
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8
Q

Postprandial Hypotension

A
  1. Drop in blood pressure after eating
  2. Blood is diverted to the digestive tract
  3. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction
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9
Q

Pericarditis = inflammation of pericardium E/T

A

Bacterial, fungal, viral infections

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10
Q

Pericarditis S/S

A

Sharp sudden pleuritic pain, orthopnea ( inability to breath easily unless upright), Dyspnea, tachycardia

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11
Q

Pericarditis D/X

A

Pericardial friction rub

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12
Q

Pericarditis T/X

A

Treat underlying cause

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13
Q

Myocarditis = inflammation of cardiac muscle E/T

A

Viral, bacterial infections, s/p rheumatic fever

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14
Q

Myocarditis S/S

A

Dyspnea, palpitations, fever, fatigue

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15
Q

Myocarditis T/X

A

Antibiotics

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16
Q

Myocarditis P/P

A

Complications include R or L ventricular failure

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17
Q

Endocarditis = inflammation of membrane lining valves, chambers of heart, vegetations may embolize E/T

A

Strep bacteria

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18
Q

Endocarditis S/S

A

Weakness, fatigue, night sweats, fever

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19
Q

Endocarditis D/X

A

History, ECG, blood test

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20
Q

Endocarditis T/X

A

Antibiotics, rest

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21
Q

Endocarditis P/P

A

Curable with early treatment/ ABX therapy before dental surgery

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22
Q

Aortic Stenosis = narrowing of the aortic valve Causes

A
  1. Congenital: wear and tear of bicuspid ( rather than a tricuspid) valve since birth
  2. Wear and tear of the aortic valve in the elderly
  3. Scarring of the aortic valve 2ry rheumatic fever
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23
Q

Aortic Stenosis S/S

A
  1. None
  2. Chest pain
  3. Shortness of breath
  4. Fainting ( Syncope)
  5. Heart failure
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24
Aortic Stenosis/ Diadnosis
1. Heart murmur noted during auscultation ( Loudness does not correlate with severity of the stenosis) 2. EKG 3. Electrocardiogram 4. Cardiac catheterization
25
Aortic Stenosis/ Treatment
1. Antibiotics during invasive procedures (Dental) 2. Mild: observation 3. Moderate: avoid strenuous activities 4. Severe: valve replacement
26
Aortic Stenosis Complictions
1. Left sided heart failure 2. Pulmonary edema 3. Endocarditis 4. Prognosis Depends on the extent of damage before treatment Good with repair
27
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) D/S
Narrowing of coronary arteries; inadequate blood supply; ischemia
28
CAD E/T
Atherosclerosis, predisposing factors include age, heredity, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, stress
29
CAD S/S
Angina, nausea, vomiting, feeling of panic
30
CAD D/X
History, angina, ECG changes
31
CAD T/X
Reduction of angina, nitroglycerin, angioplasty, coronary artery bypass surgery
32
CAD P/P
Varies, depends on extent of blockage / Decrease predisposing factors
33
Angina Pectoris D/S
Chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia
34
Angina Pectoris E/T
Clinical syndrome accompanying arteriosclerotic heart disease
35
Angina Pectoris S/S
Burning, squeezing, tightness in chest, lasts less than 15 min
36
Angina Pectoris D/X
ECG
37
Angina Pectoris T/X
Nitroglycerin, sedatives, tranquilizer s
38
Angina Pectoris P/P
Depends on severity of myocardial ischemia/ Avoid precipitating factors
39
CAD - Use of Nitroglycerine/ Action/ Use
Action: Dilates the blood vessels that supply the heart. Use: Sublingual. Needs to be fresh. Pt should have Nitroglycerine with them if they have angina. 1. Give one tablet under the tongue. 2. Wait for 5 min 3. If no relief give another tablet under the tongue 4. Wait for 5 min 5 if no relief give another tablet under the tongue 6. Wait 5 min 7. If no relief, activate EMS
40
Myocardial Infarction (MI) D/S
Life-threatening occlusion of one or more coronary arteries
41
MI E/T
E/T: hereditary, obesity, aging, hypertension, elevated serum triglyceride, total cholesterol levels, smoking, diabetes mellitus, chronic stress
42
MI S/S
S/S: crushing chest pain that may radiate to L arm, neck, jaw, not relieved like angina
43
MI D/X
D/X: history of CAD, ECG, blood tests for elevated cardiac enzymes
44
MI T/X
T/X: Immediate hospitalization, relieve pain, stabilize heart, reduce cardiac workload
45
MI P/P
P/P: depends on extent of damage to myocardium/ avoid predisposing factors
46
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) D/S
D/S: Pumping ability of heart is impaired, circulatory congestion, peripheral or pulmonary edema
47
CHF E/T
E/T: Myocardial infarction is one cause
48
CHF S/S
S/S: Dyspnea, fatigue, distended neck veins, hepatomegaly, tachypnea, palpitations, edema, diaphoresis, cyanosis
49
CHF D/X
D/X: ECG, chest x-ray, elevated central venous pressure
50
CHF T/X
T/X: Improvement in heart's pumping function, diuretics, bed rest, vasodilators
51
CHF P/P
Depends on cause
52
Cardiac Arrest D/S
Sudden, unexpected interruption of heart function, medical emergency
53
Cardiac Arrest E/T
Myocardial infarction, circulatory collapse, ventricular fibrillation
54
Cardiac Arrest S/S
Prolonged angina, acute Dyspnea, orthopnea, light-headed ness, sustained tachycardia
55
Cardiac Arrest D/X
Absence of respiration, pulse, loss of consciousness
56
Cardiac Arrest T/X
Establish airway, ventilate, perform artificial external cardiac massage
57
Cardiac Arrest P/P
Guarded/ Early treatment for cardiac symptoms
58
Abnormalities of Heart Action
1. Heart block 2. Atrial fibrillation 3. Ventricular fibrillation 4. Arrhythmia s 5. Premature ventricular contractions 6. Tachycardia 7. Bradycardia
59
Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries D/S
Local dilation of artery or heart chamber | Dissection: The layers of the wall of the aorta split and separate
60
Aneurysms : Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral E/T
Congenital, trauma, arteriosclerotic inflammation, infection
61
Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries S/S
May be Asymptomatic, may cause edema, 25% with thoracic aneurysm have an abdominal aneurysm
62
Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries D/X
1. Palpation (advanced) 2. ECG 3. X-ray (Does not measure the size or extent) 4. US (98% accurate in measuring size) 5. Aortography 6. CT scan 7. Angiography
63
Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries T/X
``` Depends on size, site affected artery Small: PT. Monitored Medication to decrease BP Large: Open chest surgery Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) ```
64
Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries P/P
Good if caught early, Guarded/ None known
65
Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries PTA Implications
1. Up and walking early after surgery 2. Shoulder ROM exercises 3. Monitor BP and heart rate ( do not want to put extra stress on the graft) 4. Beta blockers may interfere with the interpretation of the heart rate. 5. Sternal precautions: No lifting of heavy items < 10 pounds 6. <25 pounds if history of dissection without repair 7. SCI can be a secondary complication of the surgery

Pathology (6 decks)

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