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Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of anti platelet drugs

A

Aspirin
Clopidogrel
Ticagrelor
Prasugrel

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2
Q

What are anti-platelets used to treat?

A

MI

Unstable angina

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3
Q

What are the potential side effects of anti-platelets?

A

Bronchospasm
GI irritation
GI haemorrhage

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4
Q

What is the target effect of anti-platelets?

A

Reduce platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis

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5
Q

Examples of B blockers

A

Atenolol
Bisoprolol
Metoprolol
Propranolol

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6
Q

What are B blockers used to treat?

A 
Heart failure
MI
Hypertension
Angina
Arrhythmia
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7
Q

What is the target effect of B blockers?

A

Lower CO and reduces the force of cardiac contraction

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8
Q

What is the basic mechanism of B blockers?

A

blocks B-adrenoreceptors

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9
Q

What are the adverse effects of B blockers?

A 
provocation of asthma 
conductance block 
heart failure 
fatigue 
cold hands
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10
Q

Examples of calcium channel blockers

A

amiodipine
nifedipine
verapamil

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11
Q

What are calcium channel blockers used to treat?

A

Hypertension

Angina

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12
Q

What is the target effect of calcium channel blockers?

A

vasodilatation

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13
Q

What is the basic mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers?

A

They block L type calcium channels preventing Ca entry, there is smooth muscle relaxation and so vasodilatation (reduced TPR so lower BP)

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14
Q

What are the potential side effects of calcium channel blockers?

A

Dizziness
hypotension
flushing
ankle oedema

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15
Q

Examples of ACE inhibitors

A

lisinopril
ramipril
enalapril

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16
Q

What are ACE inhibitors used to treat?

A

hypertension

heart failure

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17
Q

Physiological effect of ACE inhibitors

A

Vasodilatation

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18
Q

What is the basic mechanism of ACE inhibitors?

A

They reduce the synthesis of angiotension II which is a potent vasoconstrictor

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19
Q

What are the potential side effects ACE inhibitors?

A 
DRY COUGH
proteinuria
neutropenia
hyperkalaemia
renal failure
angioedema
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20
Q

Examples of A1 antagonists

A

Proxosin

Doxazosin

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21
Q

What are A1 antagonists used to treat?

A

resistant hypertension

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22
Q

Physiological effect of A1 antagonists

A

vasodilatition

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23
Q

What is the basic mechanism of A1 antagonists?

A

they block the vascular A1 receptors

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24
Q

What are the potential side effects of A1 antagonists?

A

postural hypotension

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25
What is the basic mechanism of anti-platelets?
they convert plasminogen to plasmin, dissolving thrombi
26
Examples of thiazide diuretics
bendroflumethiazide
27
What are thiazide diuretics used to treat?
heart failure | hypertension
28
Physiological effect of thiazide diuretics
initially decrease blood volume and therefore reduce CO | Once CO is normal the TPR remains reduced
29
What is the basic mechanism of thiazide diuretics?
act on the distal tubule to stop NO being reabsorbed Cause increased excretion of Na and Cl lowers blood volume
30
What are the potential side effects of thiazide diuretics?
``` Hypokalaemia hyperuricaemia impotence weakness gout skin rashes ```
31
Examples of loop diuretics
Furosemide
32
What are loop diuretics used to treat?
Severe heart failure
33
Physiological effects of loop diuretics
Decrease the extent of pulmonary and peripheral oedema
34
What is the basic mechanism of loop diuretics?
inhibit sodium absorption in the ascending loop of henle
35
What are the potential side effects of loop diuretics?
``` hyponatraemia hypotension hypokalaemia hypovolaemia deafness ```
36
Examples of potassium sparing diuretics
Spironolactone
37
What are potassium sparing diuretics used to treat?
severe heart failure | liver disease with ascites
38
Physiological effects of potassium sparing diuretics
decreases oedema | decreases ascites
39
What is the basic mechanism of potassium sparing diuretics?
competitively block the binding of aldosterone increase sodium excretion decrease potassium excretion
40
What are the potential side effects of potassium sparing diuretics?
``` GI disturbance Hepatotoxicity confusion malaise dizziness ```
41
Examples of HMG-CoA Reductase-i
atrovastatin simvastatin provaststin
42
What are statins used to treat?
hyperlipidaemia
43
Physiological effect of statins
lower total and LDL cholesterol
44
What is the basic mechanism of statins
block the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver hepatocytes express more LDL receptors incomplete compensatory mechanism increased clearance of cholesterol
45
What are the potential side effects of statins
myopathy
46
Examples of vitamin K antagonists
warfarin
47
What are vitamin K antagonists used to treat?
venous throbosis and embolism
48
Physiological effect of vitamin K statins
anticoagulation
49
What is the basic mechanism of vitamin K antagonists?
blocks vitamin K dependent carboxylation | meaning modified clotting factors V, VII, IX, X cannot bind to calcium
50
What are the potential side effects of vitamin K antagonists?
haemorrhage
51
Examples of glycosaminoglycans
heparin | LMWH
52
What are glycosaminoglycans used to treat?
venous thrombosis embolism
53
Physiological effect of target organ
anticoagulation
54
What is the basic mechanism of glycosaminoglycans?
heparin - increases complex formation between antithrombin III and thrombin which causes thrombin to be inactive Factor Xa is inhibited
55
What are the potential side effects of glycosaminoglycans?
haemorrhage
56
Examples of fibrinolytic drugs
Streptokinase | Alteplase
57
What are fbrinolytic drugs used to treat?
MI
58
Physiological effect of fibrinolytic drugs
thrombolysis
59
What is the basic mechanism of fibrinolytic drugs?
they activate plasminogen to plasmin which dissolves the thrombi
60
What the potential side effects of fibrinolytic drugs?
bleeding nausea vomiting allergic reactions
61
Examples of class 1A antiarrhythmatic drugs
procainamide | disopyramide
62
What are class 1A antiarrhythmatic drugs used to treat?
ventricular arrhythmias
63
Physiological effect of class 1A antiarrhythmatic drugs
slow phase 0 and increase the refractory period
64
What is the basic mechanism of class 1A antiarrhythmatic drugs?
they block the open voltage dependent sodium channels
65
What are the potential side effects of class 1A antiarrhythmatic drugs?
Hypotension nausea vomiting
66
Examples of class 1B antiarrhythmatic drugs
lidocaine
67
What are class 1B antiarrhythmatic drugs used to treat?
Ventricular arrythmias
68
What is the basic mechanism of class 1B antiarrhythmatic drugs?
blocks inactivated sodium channels in ischemic areas
69
What are the potential side effects of class 1B antiarrhythmatic drugs?
dixiness feeling inebriated / light headed drowsiness blurred vision
70
Examples of class 1C antiarrhythmatic drugs
Flecainide
71
Physiological effect of class 1C antiarrhythmatic drugs
slow phase 0 and increase the refractory period
72
What are class 1C antiarrhythmatic drugs used to treat?
Atrial fibrillation
73
What is the basic mechanism of class 1C antiarrhythmatic drugs?
dissociates form Na channels slowly depressing conduction
74
Potential side effects of class 1C antiarrhythmatic drugs
hypotension
75
Examples of class 3 antiarrhythmatic drugs
amiodarone
76
What are class 3 antiarrhythmatic drugs used to treat?
supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias
77
Physiological effect of class 3 antiarrhythmatic drugs
slow repolarisation which prolongs the action potential and the refractory period
78
What is the basic mechanism of class 3 antiarrhythmatic drugs?
They block any channels
79
What are the potential side effects of class 3 antiarrhythmatic drugs?
photosensitivity neuropathy thyroid disorders pulmonary alveolitis
80
Examples of glycosides
Digoxin
81
What are glycosides used to treat?
AF atrial flutters severe heart failure
82
Physiological effects of glycosides
increase force of cardiac contraction
83
What is the basic mechanism of glycosides?
increasing intracellular calcium | increasing the force of myocardial contraction
84
What are the potential side effects of glycosides?
heart block VT VF
85
Examples of nitrates
GTN isosorbide dinitrate
86
What are nitrates used to treat?
angina | MI
87
Physiological effect of nitrates
vasodilatation
88
What is the basic mechanism of nitrates
nitrate is converted to nitric oxide NO activates the cGMP cGMP activates the PKG which causes smooth muscle relaxation
89
What are the potential side effects of nitrates?
Headache hypotension syncope tolerance

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