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NREMT® Paramedic > EMT-P (2) Cardiology and Resuscitation > Cardiovascular Emergencies > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Emergencies Flashcards

Learn about cardiovascular emergencies and their treatments (51 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three presentations of angina-type pain patients?

A
  • Angina
  • STEMI
  • NSTEMI
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2
Q

Define:

fibrinolysis

A

The process of breaking down and removing blood clots in the body.

It involves the enzyme plasmin which dissolves fibrin, the protein that forms clots.

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3
Q

Define:

PCI

A

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

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4
Q

Interpret what is going on in this 12-Lead.

A

Inferior STEMI

  • Elevation in II, III, aVF.
  • Reciprocal Changes in I and aVL.
  • Elevation is >1 mm in two contiguous leads.
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5
Q

What is the treatment for inferior STEMI?

A

Determine if Right Ventricular Involvement is present

Immediate medical care, administer:

  • Oxygen
  • aspirin
  • Nitroglycerine (If no RVI, or if volume replacement has been completed)
  • Morphine/Fentanyl
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6
Q

Interpret what is going on in this 12-Lead.

A

Anterior STEMI

  • Elevation in V3, V4.
  • Reciprocal Changes in Posterior Leads if obtained.
  • Elevation is >1mm in two contiguous leads.
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7
Q

Interpret what is going on in this 12-Lead.

A

Septal STEMI

  • Elevation in V1, V2.
  • Reciprocal changes in lateral leads.
  • Elevation is >1 mm in two contiguous leads.
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8
Q

Interpret what is going on in this 12-Lead.

A

Posterior STEMI

  • Depression in anterior leads (posterior 12-lead will reveal elevation).
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9
Q

What is a benign early repolarization?

A

A fishhook appearance at the J-point with a concave ST-segment.

It is often mistaken for ST Elevation.
Reciprocal changes are never present.

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10
Q

What pathology is in the 12-Lead?

A

Pericarditis

Diffuse ST segment elevation throughout.
Results from a bacterial, viral or fungal infection.

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11
Q

What pathology is in this 12-Lead?

A

Pulmonary Embolism

  • S1Q3T3 Present
  • Deep S Wave Lead I
  • Deep Q Wave Lead III
  • T wave inversion Lead III
  • Thorough Hx and Exam pertinent to suspicion
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12
Q

What changes are seen on a 12-Lead when a patient has Hyperkalemia?

A
  • tall, peaked T waves
  • P waves can be flat
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13
Q

What changes are seen on a 12-Lead when a patient has Hypokalemia?

A

flat/absent T waves (U-wave)

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14
Q

What changes are seen on a 12-Lead when a patient has Hypocalcemia?

A

widening of QT interval

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15
Q

What changes are seen on a 12-Lead when a patient has Hypercalcemia?

A

shortened QT interval

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16
Q

How long is the QT interval in long QT syndrome?

A

>450 ms

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17
Q

What are the two placements for defibrillation pads?

A
  • Anterior-Lateral
  • Anterior-Posterior
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18
Q

What rhythm(s) is defibrillation used for?

A

Pulseless Rhythms

  • Ventricular Tachycardia (w/o Pulse)
  • Ventricular Fibrillation
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19
Q

What rhythm(s) is Synchronized Cardioversion used for?

A

Unstable Tachydysrhythmias

  • SVT
  • A-fib RVR
  • V-tach
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20
Q

What energy level (in joules) is used for adult defibrillation?

A

200-300-360

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21
Q

What energy level (in joules) are used for adult synchronized cardioversion?

Study These Flashcards
A

50-100-200-300-360

22
Q

What two types of capture should you assess during transcutaneous pacing?

Study These Flashcards
A

electrical and mechanical

23
Q

What are some treatments for adult symptomatic bradycardia?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Atropine 0.5-1mg (New ACLS indicates 1mg)
  • TCP (First Line if 2nd Degree II or 3rd Degree)
  • Dopamine (2-20mcg/kg/min)
  • Epinephrine (2-10mcg/min)
24
Q

What are the treatments for adult SVT?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Vagal Maneuvers
  • Adenosine (6mg, 12mg)
  • Synchronized Cardioversion
25
What are the treatments of **V-Tach** (w/ a pulse)? ## Footnote Hint: unstable vs. stable
**Stable**: * **Amiodarone**: 150mg/10 (1mg/min maintenance infusion) or **Lidocaine** 1-1.5mg/kg (MAX 3mg/kg) **Unstable**: * Synchronized Cardioversion 50-100-200-300-360
26
What is the treatment for **Asystole and PEA**?
* Epinephrine: 1mg * CPR
27
What are the American Heart Association's **termination criteria** for conducting **CPR** in the field?
1. No witnessed collapse 2. No bystander CPR 3. No ROSC after ALS care 4. No shocks administered
28
What is the leading cause of **death** in the U.S.?
Coronary Artery Disease
29
What is the cause of **Prinzmental Angina**?
Coronary Artery Vasospasm ## Footnote It is characterized by chest pain at rest.
30
# Define: Unstable Angina
It is identified by changes in **duration, severity** and **frequency** of chest pain felt by the patient.
31
# Fill in the blank. The therapy in which a clot is dissolved is called \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
fibrinolytic therapy
32
# Define: Congestive Heart Failure
The heart is **unable** to properly empty its chambers.
33
# Left or right. **Pulmonary edema** is a result of ____ sided heart failure **Peripheral edema** is a result of ____ sided heart failure
left right
34
# Treatment: Left Sided Heart Failure
* Oxygen * CPAP * sit patient up while feet is dangling * Nitroglycerine .4mg * Lasix 20-40mg * Morphine 3mg * Dopamine 2-20mcg/kg/min (low BP)
35
# Define: cardiac tamponade
Fluid accumulates in the pericardium.
36
What are the **signs/symptoms** of **cardiac tamponade**?
* **Dyspnea** * **Weakness** * **Chest Pain** * **Beck's Triad**
37
What are the clinical signs of **Beck's triad**?
1. Muffled heart sounds 2. Jugular venous distention 3. Narrowing pulse pressure
38
# Treatment: cardiac tamponade
pericardiocentesis
39
# Define: aortic aneurysm
Abnormal bulging of aortic vessel from a weak spot in the aortic wall.
40
What are the **signs/symptoms** of **aortic aneurysm**?
* sudden substernal “pressure” * weakness * sweating
41
What are the signs/symptoms of **ruptured aortic aneurysm**?
* Sudden lower back pain. * Pain radiating into thigh and groin. * Possible palpable mass in abdomen.
42
# Treatment: ruptured aortic aneurysm
* Administer oxygen. * IV/consider crystalloid bolus if px is hypotensive. * Keep the patient calm.
43
What is considered a **hypertensive emergency**?
A sudden elevation of BP that causes **end-organ damage**.
44
What are the **signs/symptoms** of **hypertensive end-organ damage**?
* blurred vision * headache * epistaxis * tinnitus
45
# Fill in the blank. A MAP \> \_\_\_\_ mmHg breaches the blood brain barrier. | Mean Arterial Pressure
150 mmHg
46
# Define: hypertensive encephalopathy
An acute neurological symptoms resulting from a sudden and severe elevation in blood pressure. ## Footnote BP \>200/130 mmHg MAP \>150 mmHg
47
# Treatment: hypertensive emergency
* 12-Lead * Labetalol 20mg slow IVP * Labetalol 2 mg/min infusion * Nitroglycerine .4mg SL
48
# Define: endocarditis
Inflammation of the **endocardium**.
49
# Define: rheumatic fever
**Inflammatory response** to streptococcal bacteria. ## Footnote It can cause stenosis of the mitral valve.
50
# Define: scarlet fever
An **infection** caused by *Streptococcus Pyogenes* ## Footnote group A Streptococcus
51
What are the **signs/symptoms** of **scarlet fever**?
* sore throat * fever * rash * *“strawberry”* tongue

EMT-P (2) Cardiology and Resuscitation (8 decks)

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