Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical Conditions > Cardiovascular Emergencies > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Emergencies Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

A

Refers to either a DVT or PE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the acronym OLDCARTS stand for?

A

Onset
Location
Duration
Characteristics
Aggravating factors
Relieving factors
Treatment
Severity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What part of the patient assessment does OLDCARTS fall under?

A

Secondary survey under history of presenting complaint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name 7 indicators of cardiac involvement in a patients condition

A
  • Chest pain
  • Dyspnoea (shortness of breath)
  • Nausea
  • Dizziness
  • TLoC (transient loss of consciousness) / Syncope (sudden drop in BP and HR leading to fainting)
  • Palpitations
  • Oedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does ACS stand for?

A

Acute coronary syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the general site of pain for ACS related conditions

A

Retrosternal (behind sternum) chest pain and sometimes epigastric abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the general onset of ACS conditions?

A

Typically gradually worsening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do people generally describe the characteristics of ACS related conditions to be?

A

Dull ache, weight on chest, tightness, burning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does pain from ACS related conditions generally radiate to?

A

Either arm, neck or jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are symptoms commonly associated with ACS?

A

Pallor (abnormal skin colouring), diaphoresis (excessive sweating), nausea or vomiting, anxiety, SOB, fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is pain during ACS normally described as constant or intermittent?

A

Constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is one exacerbating factor that can be associated with ACS related conditions?

A

It can worsen with palpation of chest wall but not typically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What conditions fall under ACS?

A
  • STEMI
  • NSTEMI
  • Unstable angina
    Due to sudden reduction of blood flow to the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What physical assessment is carried out for the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Inspect (chest and legs)
  • Palpate (chest and pulses)
  • Auscultate (heart sounds)
  • ECG
  • Vitals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Build up of artheroma in and on artery walls, this build up causes reduction of blood flow and can also rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is artheroma?

A

Fatty deposits, cholesterol and build up of other substances that adhered to the inside of arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define the word thrombus

A

A blood clot that forms in a vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define ischaemia

A

Reduction of blood supply causing shortage of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define infarction

A

Tissue death (necrosis) due to lack of blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

For people diagnosed with a STEMI how much potentially salvageable myocardium is lost with in the first hour of the coronary artery being blocked (assuming no medical intervention has taken place)?

A

Nearly half of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name modifiable risk factors for ACS

A
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • diet
  • lack of exercise
  • hyperlipidaemia
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name non-modifiable risk factors for ACS

Study These Flashcards
A
  • age
  • gender
  • ethnicity
  • genetics
  • diabetes
23
Q

What two aspects of women’s health can result in poorer outcomes?

Study These Flashcards
A

Sex differences (biological factors) and gender differences affected by social / environmental / community factors
- often referred to as having ‘atypical symptoms’ when in fact the symptoms may be more typical in females

24
Q

Define stenosis

Study These Flashcards
A

Narrowing of a tubular structure or blood vessel

25
What is the placement of the stethoscope when auscultating the aortic area?
2nd right intercostal space just right of the sternum
26
What is the placement of the stethoscope when auscultating the pulmonic area?
2nd left intercostal space just left of the sternum
27
What is the placement of the stethoscope when auscultating the tricuspid area?
Lower left sternal border
28
What is the placement of the stethoscope when auscultating the mitral (bicuspid) area?
Bottom tip (apex) of the heart
29
What are troponins?
Proteins found in muscles, including the heart, that are released into the bloodstream when the heart is damaged
30
What are six things to consider in managing an ACS event?
- analgesia - oxygen? - aspirin - anti-emetic - nitrates - continuous monitoring (12 lead ECG)
31
What is a left bundle branch block
It occurs when something blocks or disrupts the electrical impulse that causes your heart to beat, this block leads to an abnormal heart rhythm
32
What is primary percutaneous coronary intervention?
A procedure that opens blocked coronary arteries in the heart, it's also known as angioplasty or coronary angioplasty - catheter with a balloon at the tip is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm or groin
33
What are the main signs and symptoms of heart failure?
Signs - elevated jugular venous pressure, basal crepitatations (crackles), peripheral oedema Symptoms - breathlessness, ankle swelling, fatigue
34
What is the pathophysiology of heart failure?
The heart muscle doesn't pump blood around the body as well as it should, often is secondary to coronary heart disease and because the heart is too weak or stiff
35
Name the three types of heart failure
- chronic heart failure - acute on chronic heart failure - acute heart failure
36
What is LVF?
Left ventricular failure - dysfunction of the LV
37
What is RVF?
Right ventricular failure - dysfunction of the RV
38
What causes LVF?
- hypertension - coronary artery disease - valvular disease
39
What causes RVF?
- LVF - pulmonary hypertension (e.g. COPD) - recent MI
40
Name signs and symptoms of LVF
- SOB on exertion - signs of pulmonary oedema (bi-basal creps)
41
Name signs and symptoms of RVF
- peripheral oedema - excess abdominal fluid (ascites) - jugular vein distension
42
Name seven clinical indicators of potential heart failure
- dyspnoea (difficulty breathing) - worsening cough - orthopnoea (shortness of breath) - paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea - pulmonary oedema - pink frothy sputum - raised jugular venous pressure
43
Name the three types of acute heart failure
- acute pulmonary oedema - peripheral oedema - cardiogenic shock
44
Name ten risk factors for HF
- CAD (coronary artery disease) - hypertension - cardiomyopathies (diseases of the heart muscle) - valvular heart disease (e.g. aortic stenosis) - pericardial disease (e.g. constructive pericarditis) - congenital heart disease - arrhythmias - obesity - drugs (incl. alcohol, cocaine, NSAIDS) - COPD
45
Define embolus
Anything that moves through the blood vessels until it reaches a vessel that is too small to let it pass (e.g. thromboembolus)
46
Define hypercoagulability
Also known as thrombophilia, it is the increased tendency of blood to thrombose (clot)
47
What is vichrow’s triad - thrombosis
A model which describes the three broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to thrombosis: - hypercoagulability - circulatory stasis - vascular damage
48
Name signs and symptoms of DVT
Generally all unilaterally: - pain or tenderness - reddening or discolouration - swelling - difficulty in weight baring - leg tiredness - possible increased discomfort in back of leg on flexion of foot
49
Name the clinical criteria of Well’s scoring for DVT
- active cancer: +1 - paralysis, paresis or recent immobilisation of lower extremities: +1 - recently bedridden for >3 days or major surgery within 12 weeks: +1 - localised tenderness along the deep veinous system: +1 - entire leg swollen: +1 - calf swelling at lease 3cm larger than asymptomatic leg: +1 - pitting oedema only on symptomatic leg: +1 - collateral superficial veins (not varicose): +1 - previously documented DVT: +1 - alternative diagnosis that is at least as likely as DVT: -2
50
What to the total points of Well’s scoring for DVT translate to?
-2 to 0: low probability of DVT 1 to 2: moderate probability 3 to 8: hight probability
51
What are the symptoms of a PE?
- dyspnoea - pleuritic chest pain (sharp, localised and worse on inhalation) - substernal chest pain - apprehension - cough - haemoptysis (coughing up blood) - syncope
52
What are the signs of a PE?
- RR >20 breaths per minute - PR >100 beats per minute - SpO2 <92% - signs of DVT - low grade fever
53
Name the clinical criteria of Well’s scoring for PE
- clinical signs and symptoms of DVT: +3 - an alternative diagnosis is less likely thank PE: +3 - pulse rate >100 beats per minute: +1.5 - immobilisation or surgery in the previous 4 weeks: +1.5 - previous DVT/PE: +1.5 - haemoptysis: +1 - active cancer diagnosis (malignancy): +1
54
What to the total points of Well’s scoring for PE translate to?
<2: low 2 - 6: moderate >6: high

Medical Conditions (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions