Cardiovascular/Lymphatic

Question 0

What is preload?

Answer 0

The amount of blood in the LV at the end of diastole.

Question 1

How many milliliters is the stroke volume usually?

Answer 1

55-100ml

Question 2

What is frank-starling’s law?

Answer 2

The greater the preload the greater quantity of blood pumped

Question 3

What is the normal cardiac output for an adult at rest?

Answer 3

4-5 L per minute

Question 4

What is the ejection fraction EF?

Answer 4

The percentage of blood emptied from the ventricle during systole.

Question 5

What is the normal EF

Answer 5

60-70%

The lower the more impaired the ventricle

Question 6

Cholinergic stimulation is also know as?

Answer 6

Parasympathetic

Question 7

Parasympathetic stimulation comes from what nerve and releases what substance?

Answer 7

CN X vagus. Releases Acetylcholine (slows rate and force of myocardial contraction) & (coronary artery vasoconstriction)

Question 8

Adrenergic AKA?

Answer 8

Sympathetic stimulation

Question 9

What nerve causes sympathetic stimulation and releases what substance?

Answer 9

Cord segments T1-T4, upper thoracic to superior cervical chain. Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (increases rate & for of heart)

Question 10

Hyperkalemia causes what to your heart?

Answer 10

1. Decreases rate and force of contraction
2. Widened PR & QRS interval
3. Flattens P wave
4. T wave becomes peaked

Question 11

Hypokalemia causes what to your heart?

Answer 11

1. Flattened T waves
2. Prolonged PR & QT intervals
3. Arrhythmias and Vfib

Question 12

Hypercalcemia causes what to the heart?

Answer 12

Increases heart actions

Question 13

Hypocalcemia causes what to the heart?

Answer 13

Depresses heart actions

Question 14

What are some positive risk factors for MI?

Answer 14

1. Age : >45 male, >55 female
2. Cigarette smoking
3. Sedentary lifestyle
4. Obesity
5. Hypertension
6. Dyslipidemia: LDL >130, HDL 200
7. Prediabetes: IFG >100

Question 15

Name all locations to examine heart sounds

Answer 15

1. Aortic valve: 2nd R intercostal space at sternal border
2. Pulmonic valve: 2nd L intercostal space at sternal border
3. Tricuspid valve: 4th L intercostal space at sternal border
4. Mitral valve: 5th L intercostal space at midclavical area

Question 16

P wave signifies what?

Answer 16

Atrial depolarization

Question 17

P-R interval signifies what?

Answer 17

Time required for impulse to travel from atria through conduction system to purkinje fibers

Question 18

QRS signifies what?

Answer 18

Ventricular depolarization

Question 19

ST segment signifies what?

Answer 19

Beginning of ventricular repolarization

Question 20

T wave signifies what?

Answer 20

Ventrical repolarization

Question 21

QT interval signifies what?

Answer 21

Time for electrical systole

Question 22

How do you calculate HR using EKG?

Answer 22

Count QRS complexes in a 6 second strip and multiply by ten

Question 23

ST segment depression or elevation >? Is considered abnormal

Answer 23

> 1mm

Question 24

Hypothermia causes what on ECG?

Answer 24

Elevates ST segment, slows rhythm

Question 25

Digitalis does what to ECG?

Answer 25

Depresses ST segment
Flattens T wave (or inverts)
QT shortens

Question 26

Quinidine does what to your ECG?

Answer 26

1. QT Lengthens
2. T wave flattens (or inverts)
3. QRS lengthens

Question 27

Beta blockers do what to heart? (Propranolol, etc)

Answer 27

Decreases HR, Blunts HR response to exercise

Question 28

Nitrates (nitroglycerin) does what to heart?

Answer 28

Increases HR

Question 29

Primary hypertension means what?

Answer 29

No identifiable cause

Question 30

Secondary hypertension means?

Answer 30

Cause can be identified

Question 31

In regards to OHT, a drop of > ? mmHg or standing BP <? Should be reported?

Answer 31

Drop of 20mmHg, standing BP of <100mmHg

Question 32

What are signs an symptoms of an MI?

Answer 32

1. Sudden onset
2. Pain lasts >30 min
3. May not have precipitating factors
4. Not relieved my rest/medications

Question 33

What are s/s of angina?

Answer 33

1. Sudden or gradual onset
2. Precipitated by emotional/physical factors
3. Hot or cold temperatures
4. Relieved by rest or medication

Question 34

What is 1+ on dyspnea scale?

Answer 34

Mild, noticeable to pt but not to observer

Question 35

What is 2+ on dyspnea scale?

Answer 35

Mild, some difficulty, noticeable to observer

Question 36

What is 3+ on dyspnea scale?

Answer 36

Moderate difficulty, but pt can continue

Question 37

What is 4+ on dyspnea scale?

Answer 37

Severe difficulty, patient cannot continue

Question 38

What is 1+ on Anginal scale?

Answer 38

Light, barely noticeable

Question 39

What is 2+ on Anginal scale?

Answer 39

Moderate, bothersome

Question 40

What is 3+ on Anginal scale?

Answer 40

Severe, very uncomfortable

Question 41

What is 4+ on Anginal scale?

Answer 41

Most severe pain ever experienced

Question 42

What is Stemmer’s sign?

Answer 42

Dorsal skin folds of toes or fingers resistant to lifting; indicating fibrotic changes and lymphedema

Question 43

If the patient has an ST elevated MI a couple days ago under what circumstances can they be given an exercise test?

Answer 43

HR equal to 70% age predicted maximum. (Very little demand on the healing myocardium tissue)

Question 44

What’s the exercise to rest ratio for cardiac rehabilitation inpatient Tx?

Answer 44

1:1

Question 45

What’s the exercise to rest ratio when beginning an outpatient cardiac rehabilitation Tx?

Answer 45

2: 1
5: 1 can be used towards the end