Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NUR102 Unit 6 Cardiology > Cardiovascular Needs and Angina > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Needs and Angina Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cardiovascular Disease Stats

A

Number 1 cause of death in the US. Leading cause of death in women. 1/5 people living with CAD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Feed O2 blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two main coronary arteries

A

LCA and RCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When does blood flow to the myocardium occur?

A

Diastole (when heart is at rest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MAP required to maintain adequate coronary blood flow

A

> 60, otherwise decreased tissue perfusion and damage and may result in CP (due to lack of blood flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

9 external landmarks of the heart (arteries)

A

Aorta, RCA, posterior lateral artery, posterior descending artery, diagonal artery, obtuse marginal artery, left anterior descending artery, left circumflex artery, left main coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A

Specialized tissue capable of rhythmic electrical impulse formation seen on EKG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

6 cardiac conduction landmarks

A

SA node (pacemaker), AV node, Bundle of his, Right and Left bundle branches, Purkinje fiber system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

RCA

A

Encompasses heart and feeds the right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Left main

A

feeds left side of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blood perfusion per beat

A

60 ml of blood per beat and can double with activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

layers of the heart

A

epi, myo, and endo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pathway of blood in the heart

A

right atrium, right ventricle through the tricuspid, lungs through pulmonic valve to pulmonary artery, back to heart through left atrium, through mitral valve to left ventricle, through aortic valve to aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CV risk assessment

A

Thorough history, med hx, lifestyle hx (smoking, drinking, exercise), diet hx, dental hx (peridontal disease), PE (hip to waist ratio, pain, SOB, edema, fatigue, lipids cholesterol), women: post- menopausal, BMI >30, socioeconomic class (foods, occupation, fam support)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What percentage of deaths occur from cardiovascular disease in the US annually?

A

42%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Physical assessment

A

general appearance, skin, BP and peripheral pulses (bounding), heart sounds (APETM), lung sounds (fluid backup), psychosocial assessment (anxiety, depression, denial), EKG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CAD

A

Narrowing and/ or complete occlusion. Long latent periods (30-40 yrs) fatty streaks in childhood and sx in middle age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causes of artery narrowing

A

atherosclerosis, thrombosis, spasm, coronary dissection, aneurysm formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fatty streaks (CAD beginning)

A

result from the buildup of fat in the artery wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Atheroma (CAD)

A

As more fat and cellular debris collect, atheromas develop. As atheroma grows, it may begin to encroach on vessel lumen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vulnerable Plaques (CAD)

A

Plaques that contain at least 40% lipid in their core and
have a thin cap are more likely to rupture,
resulting in occlusion of the artery by a blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Plaque rupture (CAD)

A

Vulnerable plaques that rupture trigger thrombus

formation and potential occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Occlusion (CAD)

A

Thrombus formation often results in partial or complete occlusion leading to myocardial ischemia, infarction, and/or death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ischemia

A

lack of oxygen flow to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Infarction
death of tissue due to lack of oxygen
26
Major modifiable risk factors for CAD
Elevated serum lipids, HTN, smoking, impaired glucose tolerance, diet (inc sat fat, cholesterol, calories), physical activity
27
Risk of smoking and CAD
dec HDL and inc LDL and TG, impaired O2 transport, inc myocardial O2 demand, may alter intimal endothelial permeability and foster platelet agglutination
28
Risk of smoking and CAD
dec HDL and inc LDL and TG, impaired O2 transport, inc myocardial O2 demand, may alter intimal endothelial permeability and foster platelet agglutination
29
4 subtypes of cholesterol
HDL men >40 and women >50 LDL <100 VLDL (worse form of LDL) triglycerides (TG) <150
30
Stages of HTN
normal: < 120/80 preHTN: 120/80 - 139/89 HTN: >135/85
31
Risk of oral contraceptives and CAD
after age 35: alters blood coag, platelet function, fibrinolytic activity, integrity of vascular endothelium
32
cholesterol levels and risk for CAD
total serum cholesterol >200 240= 2-fold inc risk 270= 4-fold inc risk
33
cholesterol levels and risk for CAD
total serum cholesterol >200 240= 2-fold inc risk 270= 4-fold inc risk
34
Atherosclerosis
The build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls
35
thrombosis
formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system
36
coronary artery spasm
brief, sudden narrowing of one of these arteries
37
embolus
a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism (often small piece broken off from thrombus)
38
embolus
a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism (often small piece broken off from thrombus)
39
coronary dissection (SCAD)
uncommon emergency condition that occurs when a tear forms in one of the blood vessels in the heart
40
aneurysm
an excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall
41
risk of obesity and inactivity and CAD
leads to HTN, IGT, hyperlipidemia
42
normal hip to waist ratio for men and women
men <0.85 women <0.75
43
risk of stress and anxiety and CAD
inc circulating catecholamine leads to HTN, platelet function abnormalities, inc free fatty acids
44
factors of cardiovascular supply
blood volume, Hb, oxygen concentration and transport, coronary blood flow and resistance
45
factors of cardiovascular demand
exercise, stimulant drugs, inc HR and BP, inc O2 demand (ex COPD, smoking, stress, pain), coronary lesions
46
define angina pectoris
chest pain caused by lack of oxygen to the heart
47
four types of angina
stable, unstable, variant, silent
48
sudden cardiac death
usually caused by dysrhythmias (most common vfib) and stopped by AED or internal defibrillator and/ or pacemaker
49
acute coronary syndrome
umbrella term to cover unstable angina, acute myocardial ischemia, STEMI, and NSTEMI
50
STEMI
occlusion of major artery (full thickness occlusion)
51
NSTEMI
occlusion of minor artery (partial thickness occlusion) *electrical activity can still go through
52
significance of P- wave on EKG
atrial depolarization
53
significance of QRS complex on EKG
ventricular depolarization
54
significance of ST segment and T wave on EKG
ventricular repolarization
55
typical pain sites of angina
chest and left arm most common, anything "waist up" in females, elderly: dyspnea, confusion, disorientation, GI sx, otherwise pain can present anywhere including epigastric, neck/jaw, left shoulder, nausea, GERD
56
Stable angina
predictable and lasts less than 30 mins, controlled by rest and/or vasodilator
57
typical precipitating factors of stable angina
exercise, emotional upset, tachycardia
58
factors that cause demand to be > supply in stable angina
HR, BP, O2 demand, coronary lesion, blood volume, Hb, O2 concentration, coronary blood flow and resistance
59
unstable angina
unpredictable - a change in previously established stable pattern OR new onset of severe angina lasting greater than 20 mins and not relieved by vasodilator
60
potential causes of unstable angina
may be due to plaque hemorrhage or fissure causing acute thrombosis
61
variant angina/ prinzmetal's angina
coronary artery spasm with or without lesion (usually occurs at site of lesion, 75% do have lesion) and occurs at rest
62
causes of variant angina
smoking, alcohol, or cocaine
63
pattern of variant angina
may be cyclic and typically occurs at the same time each day, typically occurs 12AM-8AM
64
treatment of variant angina
EKG changes may occur, pt given nitro and Ca channel blockers to prevent vasoconstriction
65
silent ischemia
"painless infarct" with objective EKG evidence of myocardial ischemia (ST segment changes) without symptoms
66
silent ischemia demographics
diabetics (neuropathy), elderly, women, HTN patients
67
4 mechanisms for diagnosing ischemia
reporting CP, EKG changes, coronary angiography, stress test (either chemical or exercise)
68
What associated symptoms of chest pain may the older client with coronary artery disease be more likely to experience?
Dyspnea: w/ confusion, disorientation, and GI sx
69
exercise stress test
Assess cardiovascular response to increased workload and determines if heart is functioning normally with closely monitored VS and EKG
70
criteria for completion of stress test
a predetermined HR is reached and tolerated, S & S develop, ST depression or T wave inversion occurs
71
Cardiac cath
Most definitive but most invasive test for diagnosis of heart disease, may include right heart catheter or left or both
72
indications for cardiac cath
Confirm suspected myocardial disease, CAD, or valvular disease, determine the location and extent of disease, assess ventricular EF
73
percutaneous interventions during cardiac cath
angioplasty (inflating and deflating balloon to open artery) and stent (placement of wire stent)
74
normal EF and EF that indicates HF
normal: 55-70% HF: <40%
75
cardiac cath post-op
extended bed rest, precautions with vascular closure device, bed <30 degrees, frequent VS, check puncture site, assess distal pulse and CMS, assess pain, and notify doc with sudden changes
76
discharge criteria of cath patients
most same day unless intervention (otherwise spend the night), discharge teaching and fu, referral to cardiac rehab, new medication instruction, education on activity and diet
77
collaborative goals of CAD
inc coronary artery perfusion, dec myocardial workload, intervene in unstable angina, prevent MI
78
ABCDE of goals of CAD
``` A: aspirin B: beta blocker C: cholesterol and cigarettes D: diet and diabetes E: education and exercise ```
79
nursing management of CAD
ID and relieve CP, maintain calm environment, monitor for change in condition, patient education

NUR102 Unit 6 Cardiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions