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Semester 1 Biomedicine > Cardiovascular p.1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular p.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood is composed of

A

55% plasma, 45% cells

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2
Q

How does blood contribute to homeostasis

A

Transporting Oxygen,CO2, Nutrients, Waste Products & Hormones

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3
Q

Blood Functions

A
  1. Homeostasis 2. regulate pH and temp 3. Immune Function
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4
Q

Blood Plasma is the yellow coloured liquid that remains when cells are removed from blood

A

91% water, 7% proteins, Mineral Salts 0.9%, nutrients, waste, hormones, enzymes, gases

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5
Q

Plasma Proteins are synthesised by

A

liver cells (hepatocytes)

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6
Q

Albumin

A

55%
Smallest and most numerous
Carrier of substances (lipids, steroid hormones)
Maintains Osmotic pressure

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7
Q

Globulins

A

38%
Immunity
Transport Iron

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8
Q

Fibrinogen

A

7%
aka clotting factor 1
Blood clotting

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9
Q

Products of digestion pass into blood for distribution to all body cells. Main nutrients are

A

Carbohydrates (mostly glucose)
Amini Acids
Fats/Oils (carried by proteins)
Vitamins

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10
Q

Main mineral components of blood

A

Cations - Na+,K+,Ca+2, Mg+2
Anions - Cl-,HCO3-,PO4- (Phosphates)

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11
Q

Waste Products in Plasma

A

Urea
Creatinine
Uric Acid (Purines)
Co2

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12
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers carried by the blood

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13
Q

3 blood cell types

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes

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14
Q

What is Haematopoiesis

A

Production of ALL blood cells

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15
Q

Where to blood cells originate

A

Pluripotent stem cells in the red bone marrow

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16
Q

Where Is haematopoiesis performed in first 2 months of life

A

Embryonic yolk sac.
Months 2-9 spleen and liver
First few years of life all bone marrow is red

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17
Q

Where does haematopoiesis take place in adults

A

vertebrae, ribs, serum skull, proximal long bones (Femur) sacrum, pelvis,

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18
Q

Define Erythrocytes and it’s properties

A

Bi-concave and non-nucleated, giving the cells a larger surface area to transport oxygen.

Life span of 90-120 days

Strong and flexible cell membrane

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19
Q

Haematocrit

A

The % of BV occupied by erythrocytes

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20
Q

Describe Erythrocyte structure

A

made of Haemoglobin molecules which carry mostly o2 and some CO2

each RBC has 280 million Hb

1 Hb molecule has 4 polypeptide chains.
Each chain is bound to haem which contains iron

Each haem carries an O2 molecule.

Each haemoglobin carries up to 4 O2 molecules

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21
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

The formation of RBC which occurs in the red bone marrow

Hypoxia stimulates secretion of erythropoietin from kidneys, which stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow

Liver produces EPO in first weeks of life.

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22
Q

Nutrients required for erythropoiesis

A

B12, Folate, Iron

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23
Q

Define Haemolysis

A

the destruction of erythrocytes to release haemoglobin into plasma

Done by specialised macrophages in spleen, bone marrow and liver

Globin amino acids and iron are recycled

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24
Q

Define bilirubin

A

Yellow coloured pigment formed from the breakdown of haem. Excretes in bile and urine.

Bilirubin predominantly formed in the spleen, bone marrow and liver. (unconjugated)

Conjugated in liver to be excreted in GIT (Gulcuronic acid)

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25
Name 2 most recognised blood groups
ABO Rhesus
26
Universal Donor
O- neither a nor b antigens
27
universal recipient
AB+ No antibodies agains A or B antigens
28
Explain Rhesus antigen and pregnancy
Antibodies can develop against RH antigen through placental sensitisation or transfusion. Only if mother is - and unborn baby is + risks - deliver,ante-partum haemorrhage, 2nd pregnancy - Haemolytic disease of the newborn Solution - Injection of anti Rh antibodies (anti- D)
29
Function of Leukocytes
Defend the body against infection (bacteria, viruses, fungal) and foreign particles
30
5 types of leukocytes
Neutrophils, Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes
31
Primary Function of Neutrophils (60%)
Phagocytosis - ingest and destroy microbes - lysomes Produce Reactive Oxygen Species First to migrate to site of infection Raised in infection, tissue damage, heavy smoking, leukaemia, Inflammatory disease
32
Primary Function of monocytes (6%)
Blood - monocytes Tissue - Macrophages Inflammation and Repair Phagocytosis -ingest and destroy cellular debris and pathogens Antigen Presentations - secrete cytokines
33
Primary Function of Eosinophils (2-4%)
Eliminate parasites -phagocytosis, release anti parasitic effect causing proteins Modulation of hypersensitivity reactions - Raised in parasitic infection, atopic asthma, allergies
34
Primary Function of Basophils (1%)
Blood - basophils Tissue - Mast cells Key cells in inflammation Release from granules histamine - dilates BVs and heparin - anti coagulant Raised in Inflammatory diseases (IBD), allergies, infections, hypothyroidism, leukaemia
35
Functions of Lymphocytes (30%)
Includes - B and T Lymphocytes and NK cells B+T immunity against specific antigens + immunological memory T lymphocytes and NK kill invading pathogens B produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
36
origin of lymphocytes and NK cells
Lymphoid cell line all others myeloid
37
Define Thrombocytes, it's production and function
small non-nucleated discs produced in the bone marrow develop from megakaryoblasts transform into megakaryocytic. Break down to 2-3000 thrombocytes, under thrombopoietin, life span 10 days Involved in blood clotting and prevent blood loss from damaged BV by platelet plug
38
What is thromboxane
Vasocostrictor activated by platelet activation
39
Name the 4 stages of blood clotting
1. Vasoconstriction -BV damaged, smooth muscle contracts. When collagen exposed in vascular endothelium, thromboxane is releases = vascular spasm and attract platelets 2. Platelet plug formation Platelets stick to damaged wall, become sticky and form plug. Activate formation of thrombin. 3.Coagulation Thrombin coverts fibrinogen into fibrin fibrin forms mesh. erythrocytes get caught, clot forms 4. Fibrinolysis Plasmin dissolves clot by digesting fibrin threads and inactivating fibrinogen and thrombin.
40
Function of Vitamin K
fat soluble vitamin responsible for making 4 clotting factors found in dark green veg, tomatoes. K2 is better absorbed and remains longer in body. Synthesised by intestinal bacteria and fermented foods
41
Anti Coagulants
Heparin Warfarin Aspirin Ginko, Garlic, Ginger, Turmeric Vitamin E, EFA
42
Blast
Immature cell
43
Cytosis
more than normal cell numbers
44
penia
lack of cells
45
Define Anaemia, it's general signs and symptoms
reduced haemoglobin concentration Fatigue, SOB on exertion, palpitations, irritability, fainting Signs: Tachycardia, thin thready pulse, pallor
46
Iron Deficiency Anaemia Definem Causes, Key signs & Smymptoms
Hypochromic microcytic anemia - iron def. leans to a red. quantity of haemoglobin in RBC causing them to appear pale and small. Cause - dietary deficiency, malabsorption, excessive blood loss, excess requirements Key Sign - spoon shaped nails, angular stomatitis, glossitis, brittle hair
47
Megaloblastic Anaemia definition
Large, immature and dysfunctional RBCs Folate and B12 are required for DNA synthesis. DNA replication slowed down, cell growth continues = large erythrocytes MCV> 97
48
Cause of Megaloblastic Anaemia
Deficient intake of Folate and/or B12 Lack of intrinsic factor (AI,gastrectomy, chronic gastritis, stomach cancer) Malabsorptions (Chrohns, coeliac, low HCL) Drugs
49
Define intrinsic facto4
a glycoprotein produced by the stomach and required to absorb B12 in the small intestine.
50
Signs and Symptoms of B12 Megaloblastic Anaemia
Liver has stores so 2-4 years to develop B12 essential for production and maintenance of myelin sheath Gen anaemia signs Enlarged red sore shiny tongue Neurological symptoms (tingling, numbness,weakness)
51
Folate Megaloblastic Anaemia signs + symptoms
Develops In 4 months Gen anaemia signs, Red large sore shiny tongue No neurological symptoms
52
Define Aplastic anaemia, signs & symptoms
A rare and potential life threatening failure of haematopoiesis. Pancytopenia (lack of all 3 blood cell types) and hypo cellular bone marrow Cause -congentital (Fanconi's anaemia) Idiopathic Secondary to Drugs Signs - Anaemia Multiple Infections Easy Bleeding Cause of death sepsis and haemorrhage
53
Haemolytic Anaemia Define, Cause S&S
Anaemia resulting from excessive breakdown of erythrocytes. Bone marrow activity cannot compensate for loss of RBCs Genetic -sickle cell, thalassaemia Rhesus Factor Incompatibility Infections - malaria S&S Jaundice Splenomegaly Gallstones Vascular Occlusions
54
Define sickle cell aaemia
associated with an abnormal beta-globing chain in haemoglobin which distorts shape of the cell. Both parents have gene Sickle cell traits - inherit cell a gene from one parent Predominantly African and Afro Caribbean
55
Describe pathophysiology of sickle cell anaemia
Inherited recessive gene HbS gives O2 to interstitial fluid causing cell to sickle up Cells rupture easily Life span of 10-20 days Deformed cells form clusters which block BVs Protective effect against malaria
56
S&S of sickle cell anaemia
begin age 3-6 months as HbF falls Anaemia s&S Splenomgaly Jaundice Vessel Occlusion
57
Define and S&S of Thalassaemia
describes a defect in synthesis of alpha or beta Hb chains A Thalassaemia - lethal in utero. Compensate haemolytic bone marrow proliferation B - Thalassaemia - Later part of 1st year. Failure to thrive and anaemia
58
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Mother produces anti rhesus antibodies which cross over the placenta antibodies bind to foetal antigens causing agglutination and haemolysis
59
Polycythaemia
excessive production of erythrocytes resulting in increase blood viscosity, reduced blood flow and increased risk of thrombosis. aka erythrocytosis cause - high altitude, unknown, genetic. S&S - Arterial Thrombosis - Myocardial Infarction, pulmonary embolism Venous Thrombosis - DVT Hypertension,red skin, dizziness
60
Leukopenia definition, cause, S&S
Marked reduction in no. of leukocytes Neutropenia (Subgroup) Cause Viral Infections Drug Toxicity Bone Marrow Disease Nut. Deficiencies (Folate, B12) Severe Illness, nausea, fatigue Severe Infections Sepsis
61
Leukocytosis -definition, cause
marked increase in the number of all leukocytes Response to infection Leukaemia Physical Stress
62
Leukaemia Definition
a group of bone marrow cancers characterised by abnormal overproduction of leukocytes result in suppressed erythrocyte production (Anaemia) and thrombocytes (thrombocytopenia
63
Define Acute Leukaemia and chronic leukaemia
Acute - Rapid onset, aggressive, Immature cells Chronic - Insidious onset, more differentiated cells, usually adults
64
Name the 4 types of leukaemia
Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Chronic Lymphatic Leukaemia
65
Leukaemia Diagnosis
Full Blood Count Blood Film Bone Marrow Biopsy
66
Thrombocytopenia - define, S&S
Reduction in the thrombocyte count S&S Excessive bleeding and bruising Petechiae (micro- haemorrhages in the skin) Haematuria, vomiting blood Post - partum haemorrhage Cause - leukaemia, congenital, radiation, viral infections
67

Semester 1 Biomedicine (3 decks)

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