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Fundamentals 2 Exam 3 Flashcards > Cardiovascular Panopto Flashcards (Part 1) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Panopto Flashcards (Part 1)

1
Q

The heart is a-

A

Muscle

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2
Q

Where specifically is the heart located?

A

In the Thorax, in the Mediastinal Space

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3
Q

What is the Mediastinum (or Mediastinal Space)?

A

It is the space between the lungs

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4
Q

What separates the left and right pleural cavities?

A

The Mediastinal Space

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5
Q

What divides the heart vertically?

A

The Septum

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6
Q

What are the 3 cardiac layers in order of the outer-most to inner-most layers of the heart?

A

The outer-most is the Epicardium.

The middle layer is the Myocardium.

Then inner-most layer is the Endocardium.

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7
Q

What is the heart covered by?

A

The Pericardium

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8
Q

The Pericardium is a sac that covers the heart.

How many layers does it have?

What are they called?

A

2.

The Visceral Pericardium & The Parietal Pericardium

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9
Q

What should you always think of whenever you hear the word “Visceral”?

A

Organs

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10
Q

How thick is the Endocardium?

A

It is thin

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11
Q

What is the outer-layer of pericardium called?

What is the inner-layer called?

A

The Parietal Pericardium

The Visceral Pericardium

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12
Q

The visceral pericardium can also be called the-

A

Endocardium

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13
Q

How many mL of Pericardial Fluid does the Pericardial Space contain?

A

10-15 mL

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14
Q

What does Pericardial Fluid do?

A

Prevents friction between the surfaces of the heart whenever it contracts

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15
Q

There are how many chambers of the heart? What are they called?

A

4.

The right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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16
Q

There are how many valves of the heart? What are they called?

A

4.

The Tricuspid Valve
The Pulmonic Valve
The Mitral Valve
The Aortic Valve

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17
Q

The left ventricular wall is how much thicker than the right?

A

2-3 Times Thicker

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18
Q

Which is thicker, the atria or the ventricles?

A

The Ventricles

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19
Q

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest walls?

A

The left ventricle

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20
Q

What does AV stand for?

Where are the AV valves found?

A

AV stands for Atrioventricular Valves.

They are found between the atria and ventricles.

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21
Q

List all of the AV:

A

The Tricuspid Valve + The Mitral Valve

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22
Q

What do the valves prevent?

A

Regurgitation (When the blood in the heart goes backwards instead of being propelled forwards properly after a ventricular contraction)

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23
Q

The type of valves that allow blood to enter the great vessels =

A

The Semilunar Valves

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24
Q

List the Semilunar Valves (SV):

A

Pulmonic Valve + Aortic Valve

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25
Q

You’re assessing the Aortic Area, where should your stethoscope be?

A

2nd Intercostal Space, Right Side, Parallel to the Pulmonic Area

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26
Q

You’re assessing the Pulmonic Area, where should your stethoscope be?

A

2nd Intercostal Space, Left Side, Parallel to the Aortic Area

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27
Q

You’re assessing the Erb’s Point, where should your stethoscope be?

A

Directly below the Pulmonic Area, Third Intercostal Space

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28
Q

You’re assessing the Tricuspid Area, where should your stethoscope be?

A

Fifth Intercostal Space, directly below the Erb’s Point & Pulmonic Areas

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29
Q

What is the area of the heart called that the Apex of the heart and the Point of Mass Impulse (PMI) is located?

A

The Mitral Area

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30
Q

You’re assessing the Mitral Area, where should your stethoscope be?

A

Fifth Intercostal Space, at the Mid-Clavicular Line (MCL)

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31
Q

What is Pericarditis?

A

When the pericardium gets inflamed. This causes there to be excess pericardial fluid

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32
Q

The heart is what kind of pump?

A

A Myocardial Pump (A Muscular Pump)

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33
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood into?

A

The pulmonic valve opens up and it goes into the pulmonary arteries and to the lungs

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34
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood into?

A

The Aortic Valve opens up and it goes into the Aorta and into the body’s systemic circulation

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35
Q

The heart is used as a major transport system in the body, it also picks up waste and carries that to different sites for-

A

Metabolism and for Disposal

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36
Q

Which side of the heart pushes blood to the pulmonary circulation (to go to the lungs)

Which side of the heart pushes blood to the systemic circulation (to go to the organs, tissues, etc.)

A

The Right Side

The Left Side

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37
Q

When do the chambers of the heart fill with blood?

A

Diastole

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38
Q

When do the chambers of the heart empty their blood?

A

Systole

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39
Q

What are Arteries?

A

Vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and to other tissues

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40
Q

What is the only artery called that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

The Pulmonary Artery

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41
Q

What do Arterioles do?

A

They control blood flow into the capillaries

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42
Q

What do the Capillaries do?

A

They allow for the exchange of fluid and nutrients between the blood and the interstitial spaces

(To try to simplify, capillaries let the blood into the organs and tissues so that they can give away their oxygen and nutrients. At the same time, they also take the waste products, like deoxygenated blood, out of the tissues)

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43
Q

What do Venules do?

A

They revive deoxygenated blood from the capillaries and move that blood into the veins

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44
Q

What do the Veins do?

A

They carry deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart and then to the lungs for reoxygenation

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45
Q

What helps return blood to the heart against the force of gravity?

A

Veins

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46
Q

What do Lymphatics do?

A

They drain the tissues and return the tissue fluid to the blood

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47
Q

What makes up the Vascular System?

A

Arteries + Arterioles + Capillaries + Venules + Veins + Valves + Lymphatics

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48
Q

When does the blood officially enter the systemic circulation?

A

When it enters the Aorta

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49
Q

The Coronary Circulation establishes a blood supply to the -

A

Myocardium

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50
Q

What do your coronary arteries connect? Why?

A

They connect the Myocardium with the Aorta. This is done to keep a blood supply established for the Myocardium

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51
Q

What are the two types of Coronary Arteries?

A

Left Coronary Artery

Right Coronary Artery

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52
Q

Which Coronary Artery allows blood to flow to the Anterior (Front) heart wall?

A

Left Coronary Artery

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53
Q

Which Coronary Artery allows blood to flow to the Posterior (Inferior) heart wall?

A

Right Coronary Artery

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54
Q

What are some factors that can cause decreased coronary blood flow?

A

Blood Clotting

Atherosclerosis

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55
Q

What is Ischemia caused by?

A

Temporary blood loss to the tissues of the heart

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56
Q

What does Ischemia cause?

A

Angina

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57
Q

What is Angina?

A

A type of chest pain that’s caused by reduced blood flow to the heart

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58
Q

What’s a Myocardial Infarction?

A

It’s the same thing as a heart attack and it caused tissue death (Necrosis)

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59
Q

So what’s the difference between Ischemia and Infarction?

A

Ischemia just means you have a reduced blood flow to the tissues of the heart.

Infarction is whenever you aren’t getting any blood flow at all to the tissues of the heart.

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60
Q

When does the blood flow into the Coronary Arteries?

A

During Diastole

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61
Q

A client with a Tricuspid Valve Disorder has impaired blood flow to which area?

A.) Vena Cava and Right Atrium
B.) Left Atrium and Left Ventricle
C.) Right Atrium and Right Ventricle
D.) Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery

A

C

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62
Q

The Sinus Node and the SA Node is the same thing as-

A

The Sinoatrial Node

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63
Q

What is the Sinoatrial Node? What’s its function?

A

The pacemaker of the heart. It’s function is to send out electrical signals to the AV node to make the heart contract

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64
Q

Where’s the SA Node located?

A

At the junction of the Superior Vena Cava and the Right Atrium

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65
Q

At what rate should the SA Node fire impulses to the AV Node?

A

60 - 100 times a minute

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66
Q

The SA Node has-

What does this mean?

A

Automatic Firing.

It doesn’t have anything telling it when to send impulses, it just does it on its own automatically.

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67
Q

What is the SA Node controlled by?

A

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

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68
Q

What is the Cardiac Conduction System composed of?

A

The SA Node
The AV Node
The Bundle of HIS
The Right and Left Bundle Branch
The Purkinje Fibers

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69
Q

Where does the SA Node fire its electrical impulse to?

A

The AV Node

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70
Q

Where does the AV Node take electrical impulses to?

A

The Bundle of HIS

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71
Q

Where does the Bundle of HIS take electrical impulses to?

A

It separates the electrical impulses into the Right and Left Bundle Branch

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72
Q

Where does the Right Bundle Branch take electrical impulses to?

A

The Purkinje Fibers

73
Q

Where does the Left Bundle Branch take electrical impulses to?

A

The Purkinje Fibers

74
Q

Whenever the heart contracts, what is contracting?
A.) The Atria Only
B.) The Ventricles Only
C.) Both, the Atria and Ventricles
D.) The Right Ventricle and Right Atrium

A

C

75
Q

What does an EKG/ECG show?

A

The Electrical Pathway of the Conduction System

76
Q

What is an Etopic Beat?

A

When the electrical impulses are stimulated from areas other than the SA Node

77
Q

What can an Etopic Beat interfere with?

A

The Contraction of the Heart & Proper Circulation

78
Q

How do you typically treat an Etopic Beat?

A

You go in and do what’s called an Ablation

79
Q

What is an Ablation?

A

You go in and you make small burns or freezes to cause come scarring on the inside of the heart.
This scarring helps break up the electrical signals that cause the arrhythmia.

80
Q

Where is the AV Node located?

A

The lower aspect of the Atrial Septum

81
Q

How many Septum’s are there?

What do they do?

A

The Ventricular Septum
The Atrial Septum

These separate the Ventricles and the Atria vertically.

82
Q

If the SA Node fails, what can the AV Node do to compensate for it?

A

It can initiate and sustain a heart rate of 40 - 60 BPM

83
Q

When do you have to have an artificial pacemaker?

A

Whenever the SA Node stops functioning properly

84
Q

Whenever the higher pacemakers fail (SV & AV Nodes), the Purkinje Fibers can act as the pacemaker.
The Purkinje Fibers can initiate and maintain a heart rate of-

A

20 - 40 BPM

85
Q

When does the right atrium relax and allow for more blood to enter it?

A

As soon the deoxygenated blood enters the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonic valve closes

86
Q

What carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium?

A

The Pulmonary Veins

87
Q

What are the only veins in your body that carry oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary Veins

88
Q

The valves are made up of 2-3 small but strong flaps of tissue called-

A

Leaflets

89
Q

How many Leaflets does your Tricuspid Valve have? What about your Bicuspid Valve?

A

Tricuspid Valve = 3 Leaflets
Bicuspid Valve = 2 Leaflets

(Hence the names.)
“Tri” = 3
“Bi” = 2

90
Q

The Pulmonic Valve and Aortic Valve both have how many Leaflets?

A

3

91
Q

When does Coronary Disease occur?

What does this cause?

A

Whenever there is a build up of Cholesterol Plaque in the Coronary Arteries.

Myocardial Infarction / Heart Attack OR Ischemia.

92
Q

How can you tell whenever a heart cycle ends?

A

The ‘Lubb-Dupp’ Cycle

93
Q

The Lubb sound is your-

A

S1 Sound

94
Q

The S1 sound is caused by the closure of which valves?

A

The AV Valves

95
Q

The Dupp sound is your-

A

S2 Sound

96
Q

The S2 sound is caused by the closure of which valves?

A

The Semilunar Valves

97
Q

S1 is the start of-

And it’s the end of-

A

Systole.

Diastole.

98
Q

S2 is the start of-

And it’s the end of-

A

Diastole.

Systole.

99
Q

Is there an S3 heart sound?

A

Yes, and it can be an abnormal finding. It is also called a “Ventricular Gallop”.

100
Q

When will you hear an S3 heart sound?

A

Whenever the ventricular wall compliance is decreased and the structures in the ventricular wall vibrate

101
Q

What conditions can cause an S3 sound?

A

Heart Failure
A Valve Regurgitation

102
Q

An S3 sound can be normal if you are how old?

A

Under 30 Years Old

103
Q

Is there an S4 sound?

A

Yup, it is also called an “Atrial Gallop”

104
Q

Is an S4 sound always an abnormal finding?

A

No, it can be an expected finding in the Elderly, Children, and Athletic Patients

105
Q

When can an S4 sound be heard?

A

It can be heard during Atrial systole if there’s resistance to ventricular filling

106
Q

What are some causes of the S4 sound?

A

Cardiac Hypertrophy.

Disease or Injury to the ventricular wall.

107
Q

S3 and S4 are low pitch, and so they should be heard with what part of the stethoscope?

A

The bell of the stethoscope

108
Q

What should you hear if you assess someone’s heart sounds and you hear S1, S2, and S3?

A

Lubb Dubb Dubb

109
Q

What should you hear if you assess someone’s heart sounds and you hear S1, S2, and S4?

A

Dubb Lubb Dubb

110
Q

The S3 and S4 sound are both heard during-

A

Diastole

111
Q

When is the S3 sound heard?

A

EARLY in Diastole

112
Q

When is the S4 sound heard?

A

LATE in Diastole

113
Q

Where is the Angle of Louis?

A

The Second Rib

114
Q

What can you use the Angle of Louis for?

A

For finding where the cardiac landmarks are

115
Q

If your HR is fast, the heart will have less time for what?

What will this result in?

A

Filling.

This is will result in a decreased cardiac output.

116
Q

What do you call a normal heart rate without an abnormalities?

A

A Normal Sinus Rhythm

117
Q

You have a patient with a heart rate of 110 BPM, but they aren’t showing any signs or symptoms of anything and everything else is otherwise normal. What is this called?

A

Sinus Tachycardia

118
Q

You have a patient with a heart rate of 50 BPM, but they aren’t showing any signs or symptoms of anything and everything else is otherwise normal. What is this called?

A

Sinus Bradycardia

119
Q

Specialized nerve endings affected by changes in the arterial BP =

A

Baroreceptors

120
Q

Baroreceptors are also called-

A

Pressoreceptors

121
Q

What are Baroreceptors located?

A

In the walls of the aortic arch and carotid sinuses

122
Q

What stimulates Baroreceptors?

A

Increases in arterial pressure

123
Q

What happens whenever the Baroreceptors are stimulated?

A

The HR and Arterial Pressure should decrease

124
Q

What causes a reduced stimulation of Baroreceptors?

A

Decreases in arterial pressure

125
Q

What happens if the stimulation of Baroreceptors is decreased?

A

Vasoconstriction Occurs + HR Increases

126
Q

Where are Stretch Receptors located?

A

The Vena Cava & Right Atrium

127
Q

What do Stretch Receptors respond to?

A

Pressure changes that affect circulatory blood volume

128
Q

When you have too much fluid volume in your body =

A

Hypervolemia

129
Q

When you don’t have enough fluid volume in your body =

A

Hypovolemia

130
Q

What does Hypovolemia do to your BP?

A

Decreases it

131
Q

What does Hypervolemia do to your BP?

A

Increases it

132
Q

When the BP decreases as a result of hypovolemia, what occurs?

A

A Sympathetic Response

133
Q

Whenever a sympathetic response occurs as a result of Hypovolemia, what does this cause?

A

Increased HR + Vasoconstriction

134
Q

Whenever a sympathetic response occurs as a result of Hypervolemia, what does this cause?

A

Decreased HR + Decreased Arterial Pressure

135
Q

What hormone influences BP indirectly by regulating vascular volume?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

136
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone is also called-

A

Vasopressin

137
Q

What do increases in blood volume result in?

A

Decreased releasing of ADH.
Increased Diuresis.
Decreasing Blood Volume + BP.

138
Q

What do decreases in blood volume result in?

A

Increased releasing of ADH.
This causes an increase of blood volume + BP.

139
Q

What is Diuresis?

A

Increased or Excessive Production of Urine

140
Q

What is Renin?

A

A potent vasoconstrictor that causes BP to increase

141
Q

Renin is responsible for converting what into what?

A

Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I

142
Q

What is Angiotensin I converted into?

A

Angiotensin II

143
Q

Where is Angiotensin I converted into Angiotensin II?

A

In the lungs

144
Q

What does Angiotensin II stimulate?

A

The release of Aldosterone

145
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

Promotes water + sodium retention by the kidneys. This increases Blood Volume & BP.

146
Q

What does the stimulation of Sympathetic Nerve Fibers release?

A

Norepinephrine

147
Q

What is Norepinephrine?

A

A Neurotransmitter

148
Q

Whenever the stimulation of Sympathetic Nerve Fibers releases the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine, what does this cause?

A

Increased HR + Increased Conduction Speed through the AV Node + Increased Atrial & Ventricular Contractility + Peripheral Vasoconstriction

149
Q

When does the stimulation of Sympathetic Nerve Fibers occur?

A

Whenever a decrease in pressure is detected

150
Q

When does the stimulation of the Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers occur?

A

When an increase in pressure is detected

151
Q

What does the stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers release?

A

Acetylcholine

152
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

A Neurotransmitter

153
Q

Whenever the stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers releases the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine, what does this cause?

A

Decreased HR.

Lessens Atrial & Ventricular Contractility + Conductivity.

154
Q

What is your Cardiac Output equal to?

A

Stroke Volume (SV) x HR

155
Q

What things affect Stroke Volume and Heart Rate?

A

Preload
Afterload
Vascular System

156
Q

What is Preload?

A

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

157
Q

What is Afterload?

A

The amount of resistance that the left ventricle has to overcome to eject the blood

158
Q

What causes an increased Preload?

A

Hypervolemia
Regurgitation of Cardiac Valves
Heart Failure

159
Q

What causes an increased Afterload?

A

Hypertension
Vasoconstriction

160
Q

What is the Cardiac Output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in 1 minute

161
Q

What is the normal Cardiac Output at rest?

A

4 - 8 L

162
Q

What is the SV?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the ventricles with each contraction

163
Q

With each heartbeat, the average SV is-

A

70 mL per beat

164
Q

Where is the blood being ejected to by the ventricles?

A

The Right Ventricle pumps blood to the Pulmonary Artery + Pulmonary Vessels.

The Left Ventricle pumps blood to the aorta for systemic circulation.

165
Q

It’s important to remember that if the exam doesn’t specify what the patient’s stroke volume is, then the SV is by default, how many mL?

A

70 mL

166
Q

How many can the SV increase with exercise?

A

Up to 80 mL

167
Q

What should the total blood volume in your body be?

A

~ 5 L

168
Q

About how long does it take for the entirety of your blood volume to circulate through your heart?

A

~1 Minute

169
Q

If the HR increases then the CO -

A

Also Increases (If the SV is normal and unchanged)

170
Q

If the HR decreases then the CO -

A

Also Decreases (If the SV is normal and unchanged)

171
Q

How many BPM can your HR reach up to for short periods without any harmful effects?

What is this an example of?

A

180 BPM.

Sinus Tachycardia.

172
Q

A HR greater than or equal to 180 BPM will cause you to have a very short diastole. What does this mean for your ventricles?

A

They won’t have enough time to fill properly

173
Q

If Tachycardia goes on for a prolonged period of time, then it will-

A

Decrease Stroke Volume + Cardiac Output

174
Q

What can cause Tachycardia?

A

Increased Metabolism (Exercise, Fever, Increased Thyroid Hormone, Young Age).

Stress Response.

Meds (Caffeine, Nicotine, Epinephrine).

175
Q

What can cause Bradycardia?

A

Decreased Metabolism (Decreased Thyroid Hormone, Age).

Vagus Nerve Stimulation or Carotid Massage.

Meds (Digoxin).

176
Q

What does the medication Digoxin do?

A

Increase the strength of the heart’s contractions + Slow the HR

177
Q

What are some early symptoms of Tachycardia?

A

Dizziness, Light-Headedness, SOB

178
Q

What are some early symptoms of Bradycardia?

A

Dizziness, Fatigue, Near Fainting (Syncope)

179
Q

What about Bradycardia causes Syncope?

A

The Decreased Cardiac Output = Not Enough Blood Getting to the Brain

Fundamentals 2 Exam 3 Flashcards (10 decks)

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