Cardiovascular patho

Question 1

what is a cyanotic vs acyanotic heart issue

Answer 1

cyanotic- right to left shunt

acyanotic- left to right shunt (seen in VSD, ASD, PDA)

Question 2

What is fallows tertralogy and what does it consist of (4)

Answer 2

Pulmonary stenosis
VSD
Right ventricular hypertrophy
overriding aorta

Question 3

What causes an ASD

Answer 3

failure of osmium secundum to close

Question 4

What causes VSD

Answer 4

defect in ventricular septum- mc defect

Question 5

What is coartictation of the aorta

Answer 5

narrowing near arch of ligaments arteriosum

Question 6

What is rheumatic fever due to and what are some key s/s

Answer 6

due to post strep infection
-characterized by aschoff bodies
-MacCallum patches found in left atrium

Question 7

What organisms can endocarditis be caused by(3)

Answer 7

Inflammation of endocardium (affecting valves)

-strep Pyogenes, strep Viridans, Staph aureus

Question 8

What causes subacute bacterial endocarditis

Answer 8

-inf of previously ddamaged valves
-sequel of rheumatic fever (s Viridands)

Question 9

What is acute bacterial endocarditis due to

Answer 9

Inf of previously healthy valves
-seen in IV drug users (s Auerues)

Question 10

What is Libman Sacks Endocarditis

Answer 10

Endocarditis of pulmonary and tricuspid valves seen in SLE

Question 11

What does syphilitic aortitis causes (+ what is it caused by)

Answer 11

Affects arch of aorta

-treponema pallidum inf leading to aortic aneurysm, aortic stenosis and angina pectoris

Question 12

What part of the blood vessel does arthelosclerosis affect

Answer 12

lipid/calcium deposits in tunica intima

Question 13

What is the pathology of atherosclerosis

Answer 13

sub endothelial fatty streaks, fibrosis, atheroma and rupture with eventual occlusion of embolusformation

Question 14

What is angina pectoris

Answer 14

reversible inadequately perfused myocardium and pain relieved by rest

Question 15

What is prinzmental angina

Answer 15

angina that occurs at rest and is caused by coronary artery spasm

Question 16

What is MI and how is it affected w rest

Answer 16

related to ischemic necrosis of myocardium due to blocked coronary artery (mainly left ant descending)

not relieved by rest

Question 17

What chems are released in MI(3)

Answer 17

Troponin and creatine kinase-MB and Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 18

What doe atherosclerotic aneurysm usually affect

Answer 18

abdominal aorta

Question 19

what is dissecting aneurysm seen in

Answer 19

longitudinal intraluminal tearing of the ascending thoracic aorta seen in marinas and ehlers danlos and longstanding hypertension

Question 20

Where will a syphilitis aneurysm be seen

Answer 20

arch of aorta

Question 21

When will berry aneurysm happen, where, s.s

Answer 21

Congenital weaknesses that present in 3rd decade in ant part of circle of willis
-sudden headache, neck stiffness and LOC

Question 22

When is it considered hypertension

Answer 22

BP >140/90 on 3 or more occasions

Question 23

What is essential vs secondary hypertension

Answer 23

Essential (unknown origin)= fam hx, high salt, stress, obesity

Secondary- unilateral renal artery stenosis, hyperthyroidism, cushings etc

Question 24

what is cor pulmonale and what is it due to

Answer 24

right heart failure due to COPD, pulmonary embolism

Question 25

What is cardiac tamponade and what is it characterized by (Becks triad)

Answer 25

Heart is comprised due to excess fluid in pericardial sac Becks Triad: Hypotension Heart sounds distant High venous pressure

Question 26

What is peripheral vascular disease caused by and s/s

Answer 26

Atherosclerotic narrowing of large vessels -presents w intermittent claudication -pain in calves on walking relieved by rest

Question 27

What is deep vein thrombosis related to (3)

Answer 27

Viscosity increased clotting (BC pill related) stasis (in veins from prolonged immobilization) Damage to vessel wall due to trauma -can present as painful swollen leg

Question 28

What can a pulmonary embolism present as-s/s

Answer 28

Triad of SOB, pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis

Question 29

What is rayneuds phenom secondary to (3)

Answer 29

SLE Atherosclerosis Scleroderma CREST

Question 30

What is polyarteritis nodosa

Answer 30

Inflammation due to type III hyerpsensitivity reaction affecting medium sized arteries

Question 31

That is thromboangitis obluterns (buergers disease)

Answer 31

Segmental inflammation of medium sized arteries and veins =causes intermittent claudication and weakened distal pulses =seen in male smokers between 20-40 years old

Question 32

What is temporal arthritis and what is it related to

Answer 32

localized giant cell inflammation in small arteries -Associated with raised ESR in elderly

Question 33

What is Takayasus artehritis (+ what is it do to)

Answer 33

Due to inflammation of the aorta (possible autoimmune) mc in asian females <40 present w absent pulses mainly in upper limbs