Cardiovascular pathology

Question 1

what is the nmb 1 cause of death in CAN?

Answer 1

atherosclerosis

Question 2

name 4 consequences of atherosclerosis

Answer 2

myocardial infarct
stroke
aneurysm
peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

Question 3

what is the most commun reason for ischemia?

ischemia-»decrease in blood flow

Answer 3

atherosclerosis

Question 4

what type of factor affect the formation of atherosclerosis?

Answer 4

lifestyle

Question 5

what are the 3 layer of blood vessels?

Answer 5

tunica INTIMA
tunica MEDIA
tunica EXTERNA

Question 6

why the arteries need a vessel supply that supplies the walls of thick arteries?

Answer 6

only the inside portion of arteries can receive o2 and nutrients by diffusion.

Question 7

what is a fatty streak?

Answer 7

universal lipid accumulation in proliferating intima
occurs in almost everyone over the age of 20

if it progress can become an issue
no symptoms is seen until there is a fair amount narrowing the lumen

Question 8

what differentiate fatty streak from atherosclerosis?

Answer 8

atherosclerosis is not universal

and fibrous tissue accumulates in the intima

Question 9

atherosclerosis can form plaque. a thrombus can forms on the surface of the plaque and you can go from having no symptoms to within few minutes having a blood vessel occlusion. What can it leads to ?

Answer 9

heart attack
stroke
gangrene (if the occlusion is in a smaller vessel in the extremities)

Question 10

what are the major clinical manifestations of a thrombus?

Answer 10

angina
myocardial infarction
transient ischemic attack
ischemic stroke
peripheral arterial disease

Question 11

angina

Answer 11

heart pain
can be d/t inadequate blood flow on exertion
if partially occluded vessel: at rest -» blood able to pass
activity -» increased demand of o2 = pain in the area
stable/unstable angina

Question 12

myocardial infarction

Answer 12

vessel is COMPLETELY OCCLUDED
pain more severe than angina

compared to angina partially occluded

Question 13

transient ischemic attack

Answer 13

blood vessel supplying the brain is PARTIALLY OCCLUDED for a SHORT amount of time

transient symptoms eg.:
difficulty speaking
impaired vision

they are at risk of ischemic stoke

Question 14

peripheral arterial disease

Answer 14

not enough blood flow to the LEGS
it causes INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION

at risk of gangrene

Question 15

what can damage the endothelial of blood vessels? 3

Answer 15

hyperlipidemia
hypertension (hemodynamic stress)
smoking

Question 16

what happens when there is endothelial injury?

Answer 16

c become dysfunctional
permeability increases
monocytes migrates in the MEDIA -» initiate inflammation