cardiovascular pharm

Question 1

What is cardiovascular disease?

Answer 1

A range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels

Question 2

What is blood pressure?

Answer 2

Pressure that blood applies to the inner walls of the arteries

Question 3

What is systolic blood pressure?

Answer 3

Blood pressure when the heart contracts

Question 4

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Answer 4

Blood pressure when the heart relaxes

Question 5

What is hypertension?

Answer 5

Condition where blood pressure is too high

Question 6

What are the consequences of hypertension on the heart and arteries?

Answer 6

Increased force and strain, causing damage

Question 7

What is Hydrochlorthiazide?

Answer 7

A thiazide diuretic that inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption

Question 8

What are the major adverse effects of Hydrochlorthiazide?

Answer 8

• Electrolyte imbalances
• Hyperuricaemia
• Development of type 2 diabetes
• Volume depletion

Question 9

What is Enalapril?

Answer 9

An ACE inhibitor that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme

Question 10

What are the major adverse effects of Enalapril?

Answer 10

• Hypotension
• Dry cough
• Angioedema
• Taste disturbances

Question 11

What is Amlodipine?

Answer 11

A calcium-channel blocker that decreases calcium movement

Question 12

What are the major adverse effects of Amlodipine?

Answer 12

• Oedema
• Palpitations
• Bradycardia
• Orthostatic hypotension

Question 13

What is Atenolol?

Answer 13

A β-blocker with selectivity for β1 receptors

Question 14

What are the major adverse effects of Atenolol?

Answer 14

• Bronchospasm
• Hypoglycaemia
• Bradycardia

Question 15

What is Methyldopa?

Answer 15

A centrally-acting α2-agonist that decreases blood pressure

Question 16

What are the major adverse effects of Methyldopa?

Answer 16

• Drowsiness
• Sodium and water retention
• Dry mouth
• Bradycardia

Question 17

What is Spironolactone?

Answer 17

A potassium-sparing diuretic that inhibits aldosterone

Question 18

What are the major adverse effects of Spironolactone?

Answer 18

• Hyperkalaemia
• Hyponatraemia
• Dehydration

Question 19

What is Furosemide?

Answer 19

A loop diuretic that inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption

Question 20

What are the major adverse effects of Furosemide?

Answer 20

• Electrolyte disturbances
• Hypotension
• Ototoxicity

Question 21

What is Carvedilol?

Answer 21

An antagonist at both α- and β-receptors that decreases blood pressure

Question 22

What is Digoxin?

Answer 22

A digitalis glycoside with positive inotropic effects

Question 23

What are the major adverse effects of Digoxin?

Answer 23

• Anorexia
• GIT effects
• Cardiotoxicity

Question 24

Fill in the blank: Hydrochlorthiazide is a _______.

Answer 24

thiazide diuretic

Question 25

Fill in the blank: Enalapril is an _______.

Answer 25

ACE inhibitor

Question 26

True or False: Amlodipine increases vascular smooth muscle contractility.

Answer 26

False

Question 27

True or False: Atenolol can mask signs of hypoglycaemia.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Fill in the blank: Methyldopa is used during _______.

Answer 28

pregnancy

Question 29

What is the mechanism of action of Hydrochlorthiazide?

Answer 29

Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption at the proximal sites of distal kidney tubules

Question 30

What is the role of Spironolactone?

Answer 30

Blocks aldosterone from binding to its receptor

Question 31

What should be monitored during therapy with Hydrochlorthiazide?

Answer 31

* Electrolytes * Uric acid * Urea levels

Question 32

What is the primary use of Furosemide?

Answer 32

To treat significant volume overload or pulmonary oedema

Question 33

What is the primary therapeutic effect of Digoxin?

Answer 33

Increases cardiac contractions

Question 34

What is the contraindication of Atenolol?

Answer 34

Asthma and COPD

Question 35

What is the therapeutic action of Angiotensin II receptor antagonists?

Answer 35

Block the effects of angiotensin II on its receptor

Question 36

What is the effect of β-blockers on AV nodal conduction?

Answer 36

Additive depression, increasing the risk of heart block ## Footnote β-blockers can slow down the heart rate and reduce the force of contraction.

Question 37

Which drugs can cause hypokalaemia and lead to digoxin toxicity?

Answer 37

Potassium-depleting drugs, e.g. corticosteroids, amphotericin B, certain diuretics ## Footnote These drugs can lead to electrolyte disturbances that increase the risk of digoxin toxicity.

Question 38

What effect do potassium-sparing drugs have on digoxin levels?

Answer 38

May cause hyperkalaemia, leading to increased serum digoxin concentrations and possible toxicity ## Footnote Potassium-sparing drugs like spironolactone displace digoxin from the Na+/K+-ATPase pump.

Question 39

Name a class of drugs used to treat heart failure.

Answer 39

Renin-angiotensin system blockers ## Footnote This includes ACE inhibitors and ARBs.

Question 40

What are two examples of ACE inhibitors used in heart failure?

Answer 40

* Enalapril * Lisinopril ## Footnote ACE inhibitors help reduce mortality and improve symptoms in heart failure.

Question 41

List two diuretics used in the treatment of heart failure.

Answer 41

* Furosemide * Hydrochlorothiazide ## Footnote Diuretics help to reduce fluid overload in heart failure patients.

Question 42

What is the role of digoxin in heart failure treatment?

Answer 42

Inotropic agent that improves symptoms and reduces mortality ## Footnote Digoxin increases the force of heart contractions.

Question 43

What is the standard treatment for unstable angina pectoris?

Answer 43

* Oxygen * Aspirin (soluble) * Isosorbide dinitrate (sublingually) * Morphine (intravenously) ## Footnote These treatments aim to relieve angina symptoms and stabilize the patient.

Question 44

What is the first-line treatment for stable angina pectoris?

Answer 44

* Aspirin (soluble) * Isosorbide dinitrate (sublingually) * Atenolol (or long-acting calcium-channel blocker if contraindicated) ## Footnote Aspirin helps to prevent clotting, while isosorbide dinitrate helps with vasodilation.

Question 45

What is a significant adverse effect of isosorbide dinitrate?

Answer 45

Tolerance, headache, flushing, reflex tachycardia, postural hypotension ## Footnote Patients should take nitrates while sitting down to avoid hypotension.

Question 46

How does tolerance to nitrates develop?

Answer 46

Rapidly from repeated, prolonged administration ## Footnote A nitrate-free period can help decrease the risk of tolerance.

Question 47

What is isosorbide mononitrate used for?

Answer 47

Prophylaxis of angina, not for acute anginal attacks ## Footnote It is an active metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate.

Question 48

What is the difference in action between nifedipine and amlodipine?

Answer 48

Nifedipine has a quicker onset but shorter duration of action than amlodipine ## Footnote Both are calcium-channel blockers used in angina management.

Question 49

True or False: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors can cause a fatal interaction with nitrates.

Answer 49

True ## Footnote These drugs increase the hypotensive effects of nitrates.