Cardiovascular Pharm

Question 1

Causes of heart failure are classified as:

Answer 1

(a) endocardial disease
(b) myocardial disease
(c) pericardial disease
(d) congenital heart disease

Question 2

Stroke volume is determined by 3 factors:

Answer 2

preload, afterload, and contractility

Question 3

Starling curve in cardiac failure

Answer 3

is displaced downwards, meaning that increases in end-diastolic ventricular filling volumes (preload) are required to maintain performance