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Physiology > Cardiovascular Physiology Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure and Capillary Exchange > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure and Capillary Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

describe veins

A

-few layers of SM and CT
- few elastic layers
-wide lumen

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2
Q

describe arteries

A

-many layers of SM and CT
-several elastic layers

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3
Q

what makes up venules

A

CT and endothelium

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4
Q

what makes up arterioles

A

SM cells and endothelium

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5
Q

what is vascular tone created by

A

level of vascular smooth muscle contraction

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6
Q

what determines radius of vessel lumen

A

vascular tone

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7
Q

what does increased vascular tone do to vasoconstriction, lumen diameter, and resistance

A

increased vasoconstriction and decreased lumen diameter and increased resistance

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8
Q

what is vascular tone modified by

A

-paracrines from endothelial cells such as NO and prostacyclin and endothelin-1
-autonomic NS

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9
Q

what does NO and prostacyclin do to tone and SM

A

decreases tone and relaxes SM

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10
Q

what does endothelin-1 do to tone and SM

A

increases tone, contracts SM

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11
Q

what does sympathetic NS do to tone

A

increases

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12
Q

where is the parasympathetic NS found in blood vessels

A

only penis and clitoris

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13
Q

do arteries and arterioles have basal tone? veins/venules?

A

arteries- yes
veins - no

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14
Q

what is vascular tone in arteries mediated by

A

paracrines secreted by endothelial cells and tissue
-tonic activity of sympathetic motor neurons

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15
Q

do arteries vasodilate or vasoconstrict from rest

A

both

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16
Q

do veins vasodilate or vasoconstrict from rest

A

only vasoconstrict

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17
Q

what does abnormal arterial tone do to BP

A

can cause hypertension

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18
Q

what is compliance

A

how easy a structure stretches

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19
Q

describe volume and pressure in high compliance vessels such as veins

A

can have large changes in volume with little change in pressure

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20
Q

describe volume and pressure in low compliance vessels such as arteries

A

will have large changes in pressure with small changes in volume

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21
Q

what does SM contraction do to compliance

A

decreases it

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22
Q

what does increase in pressure do to VR,SV,CO,and EDV

A

increases everything

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23
Q

when does pulsation of arterial vessels disappear and why

A

by the capillaries due to decreasing elastic/collagen tissue and increasing resistance as you move through arteries and capillaries

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24
Q

what is damping

A

smoothing out of blood flow/pulsation in arteries

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25
Q

what is the driving force to get blood to capillaries (in arteries)

A

63 mmHg

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26
Q

what causes the dicrotic notch

A

elastic recoil of aorta

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27
Q

what is MAP (number)

A

93 mmHg

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28
Q

what does elastic recoil prevent

A

arterial diastolic pressure from dropping to ventricular diastole pressure. essential to maintain driving pressure in systemic circulation

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29
Q

what happens to MAP with arteriosclerosis

A

decreases it because of stiffening of arteries

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30
Q

how is pulse pressure calculated

A

systolic BP - diastolic BP

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31
Q

what are the most important factors determining the magnitude of the pulse pressure

A

-stroke volume
-arterial compliance

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32
Q

what is the relationship between PP and SV

A

direct

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33
Q

what is the relationship between PP and compliance

A

indirect

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34
Q

what does reduced SV do to MAP

A

decreases it

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35
Q

what is MAP definition

A

average driving pressure in systemic circulation to move blood through the blood vessels

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36
Q

what does hypertension do to MAP

A

increases it

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37
Q

what is elevated BP considered

A

120-129/less than 80

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38
Q

what is high BP stage 1 considered

A

130-139/80-89

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39
Q

what is high BP stage 2 considered

A

140 or higher/90 or higher

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40
Q

what is hypertensive crisis considered

A

higher than 180/higher than 120

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41
Q

what are factors that influence MAP

A

-flow in and out of systemic arteries
- total blood volume
- distribution of blood in circulatory system

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42
Q

what is the formula for flow in systemic arteries

A

CO (HR x SV)

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43
Q

what is the formula for flow out of systemic arteries

A

TPR

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44
Q

what is the formula for TPR

A

the sum of resistance in all arterioles

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45
Q

what happens to MAP if flow in > flow out

A

increased

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46
Q

what is formula for MAP with TPR

A

MAP = CO x TPR

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47
Q

what percentage of blood is found in arteries and veins

A

11% in arteries and 60% in veins

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48
Q

what is resistance of the system to blood flow determined by

A

diameter or arterioles

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49
Q

what regulates arteriolar diameter

A

-autoregulation
-local control
- systemic/reflex control

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50
Q

what does autoregulation do

A

assures blood flow to tissues match tissue demands

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51
Q

what does local control of arteriolar diameter do

A

match tissue blood flow to metabolic demands

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52
Q

what is the equation for tissue flow in arterioles

A

MAP/Resistance of tissues

53
Q

what does systemic/reflex control do to arteriolar diameter

A

maintain MAP to assure adequate blood flow to the brain and heart

54
Q

what overrides the other in arteriolar diameter regulation: local or systemic

A

systemic control

55
Q

what controls flow into capillaries

A

resistance of arterioles

56
Q

what is the mechanism of myogenic autoregulation

A

increased MAP -> increased arteriolar blood flow -> arteriolar stretch -> open mechanically gated Na+ channel in VSM -> depolarizes membrane -> opens voltage gated Ca++ channels in VSM -> Ca2+ entry and binds to calmodulin -> activates myosin light chain kinase -> increased myosin ATPase activity -> VSM contraction -> vasoconstriction -> decreased radius -> increased resistance -> decreased tissue flow

57
Q

what does increased tissue metabolism do to O2,CO2, H+,K+

A

decreased O2, increased CO2, increased H+, increased K+

58
Q

what is active hyperemia

A

process in which an increase in tissue blood flow accompanies an increase metabolic activity

59
Q

what do arterioles do with increase in tissue metabolism

A

dilate

60
Q

what is reactive hyperemia

A

increased in tissue blood flow following a period of low perfusion

61
Q

what happens when blood flow to a tissue is occluded and paracrines accumulate in interstitial space

A

-decrease in O2
-increase in CO2
-increase in H+

62
Q

what does hypoxia do to endothelial cells

A

stimulates them to secrete NO and NO accumulates in interstitial space

63
Q

what happens to paracrines once occlusion is removed

A

paracrines cause vasodilation and increase in tissue blood flow until paracrines washed away and arteriolar diameter returns to resting state

64
Q

what happens to paracrines once occlusion is removed

A

paracrines cause vasodilation and increase in tissue blood flow until paracrines washed away and arteriolar diameter returns to resting state

65
Q

what are the vasodilating paracrines

A

-CO2
-H+
-adenosine
- K+
- prostaglandins
-bradykinin
-NO

66
Q

what are the vasoconstricting paracrines

A

-O2
-endothelin
-thromboxanes

67
Q

what does NE bind to and do in SM

A

alpha 1 and causes vasoconstriction

68
Q

what does EPI bind to and do in SM

A

alpha 1 to cause vasoconstriction and beta 2 to cause vasodilation

69
Q

what other hormones are vasoconstrictors

A

ADH and ANGII

70
Q

what other hormones are vasodilators

A

ANP

71
Q

what is the mechanism of ANP

A

increased BV -> atria -> increased ANP -> kidney -> increased Na+ and water excretion -> decreased blood volume

72
Q

what is the pressure in veins

A

10 mmHG

73
Q

what tunics do veins have

A

all 3

74
Q

what is another name for veins

A

capacitance vessels

75
Q

what are the mechanisms that support venous return

A

-venous valves
- respiratory pump
- skeletal muscle pump
- venoconstriction

76
Q

what are varicose veins

A

veins that have become dilated and tortuous resulting incompetent valves

77
Q

what does venous return do to EDV and SV

A

increases both

78
Q

why does dampening occur in arterioles

A

highest resistance in arterioles

79
Q

what is the pressure in the capillaries

A

20 mmHg

80
Q

what are the mechanisms of capillary exchange

A

-movement of fluid and dissolved substances via bulk flow
-transcytosis and transepithelial transport
- simple diffusion

81
Q

what is the metarteriole/thoroughfare channel

A

most direct route between arteriole and venule

82
Q

what does the metarteriole/thoroughfare channel contain

A

intermittent smooth muscle

83
Q

what do precapillary sphincters do

A

control entrance to capillaries

84
Q

what are arteriovenous anastomosis and what does it do

A

direct connection between arteriole and vein but no exchange. it allows WBCs and large proteins to move from arteriole side to venule side

85
Q

what is the rate of fluctuation of metarteriole and precapillary sphincters controlled by

A

concentration of oxygen in tissue

86
Q

what happens to the SM if concentration of O2 is low

A

smooth muscle is more relaxed state and blood takes convoluted path through capillary bed

87
Q

what happens to the SM if concentration of O2 is high

A

smooth muscle is more contracted state and blood takes more direct path through capillary bed

88
Q

what is bulk flow

A

movement of protein free fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid

89
Q

what does bulk flow occur through

A

water filled channels

90
Q

what is the function of bulk flow

A

distribution of ECF volume NOT exchange of nutrients and metabolic products which occurs more rapidly via diffusion

91
Q

what is filtration

A

plasma to ISF

92
Q

what is absorption

A

ISF -> plasma

93
Q

what are the pressures that govern bulk flow/starlings forces

A

-hydrostatic pressure of capillary
- colloid osmotic pressure in capillary
- colloid osmotic pressure of ISF
- hydrostatic pressure of ISF

94
Q

what are the primary determinants that govern bulk flow

A

hydrostatic pressure of capillary and colloid osmotic pressure in capillary

95
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure of capillary and numbers

A

force exerted by the fluid pressing against a capillary wall (capillary BP)
-30mmHg arterial end, 10mmHg venous end

96
Q

what type of force is the hydrostatic pressure of capillary

A

filtration force

97
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure in capillary and number

A

osmotic force created by impermeable plasma proteins
-28 mmHg

98
Q

what type of force is the colloid osmotic pressure in capillary

A

absorptive force

99
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure of ISF and number

A

force exerted by the impermeable proteins in the ISF
- 8mmHg

100
Q

what type of force is the colloid osmotic pressure of ISF

A

filtration

101
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure of the ISF and number

A

force exerted by the fluid in the ISF

=(-)3mmHg

102
Q

what type of force is the hydrostatic pressure of ISF

A

absorptive force

103
Q

what does net filtration pressure determine

A

the direction and magnitude of H2O movement via bulk flow

104
Q

what is NFP impacted by

A

starlings forces
-capillary permeability

105
Q

how do you calculate NFP using the starling equation

A

=Kf[(Pc + pi(if))-(pi(c)+Pif)]

106
Q

what would a positive net value of NFP mean

A

net filtration

106
Q

what would a positive net value of NFP mean

A

net filtration

107
Q

what would a negative net value of NFP mean

A

net absorption

108
Q

what is the NFP at the arterial end of the capillary? venous? across entire capillary?

A

arterial- 13 mmHg
venous: -7mmHg
across entire capillary: 6mmHg

109
Q

what is the net filtration by systemic capillaries

A

2-3L per day

110
Q

what does overall net filtration pressure vary based on

A

status of arterioles feeding capillary bed

111
Q

what is the driving force for bulk flow

A

starlings forces

112
Q

what is the determinant of resistance in bulk flow

A

capillary permeability

113
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

-return filtered fluid and proteins to circulation
-transporting absorbed fat from small intestine to circulation
- immune system

114
Q

how much does the lymphatic system produce per day

A

3L filtrate

115
Q

why do proteins need to be returned to circulation

A

injury to capillaries and hormones and paracrines can make the capillary leaky

116
Q

what is the mechanism of lymph flow

A

-smooth muscle in the wall of lymphatics exerts a pumplike action
-lymphatic vessels have valves similar to those in veins
-skeletal muscle pump and thoracic pump

117
Q

what are the causes of edema

A

-loss of normal lymph drainage
- loss of abnormal balance between starlings forces

118
Q

what would cause loss of normal lymph drainage

A

-blocked by parasites
-removal/damage during surgery

119
Q

what would cause loss of normal balance between starlings forces

A

-high Pc
-low pi C
-high pi IF
-high Kf
-reduced lymph drainage

120
Q

what causes increases pi IF in edema

A

increased protein concentration in ISF, increased KF, and loss of normal lymph drainage

121
Q

what causes increased P c in edema

A

arteriolar dilation
venous constriction
-increased venous pressure
-heart failure
-NOT INCREASED MAP

122
Q

what causes decreased Pi C in edema

A

decreaed plasma protein concentration
-severe liver fialure
-protein malnutrition
-nephrotic syndrome

123
Q

what causes increased KF in edema

A

burn
inflammation

124
Q

what causes impaired lymphatic drainage in edema

A

standing
removal of lymph nodes
infection of lymph nodes

125
Q

what is the tx for edema

A

ice elevation and compression

126
Q

how does ice help edema

A

decreased temperature decreases movement of filtration and causes vasoconstriction

127
Q

how does elevation help edema

A

gravity

128
Q

how does compression help edema

A

artificially inflates hydrostatic pressure in isf and decreases filtration out

Physiology (41 decks)

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