Cardiovascular Physiology - Lecture 7

Question 1

What makes up the blood?

Answer 1

Plasma and cells

Question 2

What is blood plasma?

Answer 2

Water
Ions
Nutrients
Hormones
Wastes
Proteins

Question 3

What proteins are in blood plasma?

Answer 3

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

Question 4

What makes up blood serum?

Answer 4

RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

Question 5

Hematocrit

Answer 5

The percent of the blood’s volume that is comprised of RBCs

Question 6

How many erythrocytes are in a mm3 of blood?

Answer 6

5,000,000

Question 7

How many leukocytes are in a mm3 of blood?

Answer 7

7,000

Question 8

What percent of leukocytes do Neutrophils make up?

Answer 8

50-70%

Question 9

What percent of leukocytes do Eosinophils make up?

Answer 9

1-4%

Question 10

What percent of leukocytes do Basophils make up?

Answer 10

0.1-0.3%

Question 11

What percent of leukocytes do Monocytes make up?

Answer 11

2-8%

Question 12

What percent of leukocytes do Lymphocytes make up?

Answer 12

20-40%

Question 13

How many platelets are in a mm3 of blood?

Answer 13

250,000

Question 14

Which cells in the blood are the only true cells with nuclei?

Answer 14

Leukocytes

Question 15

Erythrocytes

Answer 15

Biconcave disc shape
High surface-volume ratio
Better diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Contain large amounts of Hemoglobin
Binds oxygen via Fe atoms

Question 16

Why are storage and recycling mechanisms of Fe highly developed in humans?

Answer 16

Because the availability of dietary iron can be a limiting factor in erythropoesis

Question 17

Ferritin

Answer 17

Serves as a storage budder for iron

Question 18

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

Answer 18

~120 days

1% of RBCs are replaced daily

Question 19

Bilirubin

Answer 19

Major breakdown product of hemoglobin

Question 20

What happens to iron released form destroyed RBCs?

Answer 20

Bound by transferrin, and delivered to the bone marrow

Question 21

How is erythropoiesis regulated?

Answer 21

Hormonally
Decreased oxygen delivered to the kidney causes the secretion of erythropoietin, which activates receptors in the bone marrow, leading to an increase in the rate of erythropoeisis

Question 22

What is a limiting factor for erythropoeisis?

Answer 22

The avaliability of dietary iron

Question 23

What things are important for RBC function

Answer 23

Iron
Folic acid
B12

Question 24

Why is folic acid important for RBCs?

Answer 24

It is needed for thymine

If someone is folic acid deficient, it can lead to impaired cell division

Question 25

Why is B12 important for RBCs?

Answer 25

Required for action of folic acid | B12 absorption requires an intrinsic factor, and if there is no intrinsic factor, it can lead to pernicious anemia

Question 26

What are the major causes of anemia?

Answer 26

1) Dietary deficiencies of iron, B12, or folic acid 2) Bone marrow failure due to toxic drugs or cancer 3) Blood loss form the body (hemorrhage) leading to iron deficiency 4) Inadequate secretion of erythropoietin in kidney disease 5) Excessive destruction of erythrocytes (ie sickle-cell anomia)

Question 27

What is anemia?

Answer 27

Decrease in the ability of the blood to carry oxygen due to: - decrease in the total number of erythrocytes - diminished concentration of hemoglobin - a combination of the both of those

Question 28

In what people(s) does anemia manifest in?

Answer 28

People who are homozygous for the mutated gene

Question 29

Colony-stimulating factor stimulate progenitor cells leading to what?

Answer 29

Granulocytes and monocytes

Question 30

Interleukins stimulate progenitor cells leading to what?

Answer 30

Various leukocytes

Question 31

Thrombopoeitin stimulates progenitor cells leading to what?

Answer 31

Platelets

Question 32

Stem cell factor stimulates progenitor cells leading to what?

Answer 32

Many types of blood cells

Question 33

What is hematostasis?

Answer 33

The stoppage of bleeding

Question 34

What are the 2 process that accomplish hemostasis?

Answer 34

Formation of a platelet plug Blood coagulation (clotting) These occur in rapid succession, and platelets are critical to both