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physiotherapy MSc term 1 > Cardiovascular/respiratory system Clinical skills > Flashcards

Cardiovascular/respiratory system Clinical skills Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

what is the structure of the upper respiratory tract

A

nasal and oral cavities
pharynx
larynx
trachea

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2
Q

what is the structure of the lower respiratory tract

A

lower part of trachea
2 primary bronchi
lungs
alveoli - terminal branches of lungs

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3
Q

what are the nose hairs used for

A

removing bacteria

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4
Q

why is the nasal cavity vascularized

A

heats the air and humidifies it to make it easier to travel through airways and prevents the trachea from having spasms

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5
Q

where does mucus come from

A

goblet cells in the epithelium

unnatural production of goblet cells with asthma - results in excess mucus

mucus traps debris and prevents infection

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6
Q

where do the lympatic vessels drain into

A

submandibular node and then into deep cervical nodes

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7
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx - above soft palate and opens anteriorly into nasal cavities
cut off from oropharynx by soft palate during swallowing and contains eustachian tube opening

oropharynx
laryngopharynx - separates esophagus and trachea , innervated by vagus
(descending order)

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8
Q

what muscles surround the fascial tube of the pharynx

A

superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles

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9
Q

what is the larynx

A

attached to trachea and hyoid bone, mainly cartilaginous

innervated by vagus nerve

acts as an open valve to allow air to pass when breathing and protects trachea and bronchi during swallowing

also responsible for speech production and coughing

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10
Q

what is the trachea

A

membranous tube that is supported by c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

thyroid gland straddles the trachea while the common carotid arteries are lateral to the trachea

the oesophagus lies directly behind the trachea

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11
Q

what are the divisions of the bronchial tree

A

Conducting Zone
trachea into bronchi, which break into bronchiles and then terminal bronchioles

Transitional and respiratory zones
terminal bronchioles turn into respiratory bronchioles and then into alveolar ducts, then finally into alveolar sacs

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12
Q

what are thhe 4 parts of a lung

A

apex - top peak (into root of neck)

Base - concave surface that touches diaphragm

root - attachment for lung and point where hilum enters the lung

hilum - where the root attaches to the lung , contains main bronchus, vessels, nerves

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13
Q

what attaches the lungs to the pericardium

A

pulmonary ligaments

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14
Q

how many fissures and lobes do the lungs have

A

right lung - superior, middle, and inferior lobes
horizontal and oblique fissures

Left lung - superior and inferior lobes
only oblique fissure. also contains cardiac notch

Cause heart sits on left side

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15
Q

what are bronchopulmonary segments

A

further division of the lobes of the lungs

each segment gets a gaseous mixture from a single segment bronchus

important to identify tumours or lesions

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16
Q

what supplies blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries - bring in deoxygenated blood and then oxygenated blood leaves thru pulmonary veins back to heart

bronchial arteries - supply blood to connective bronchial tissue, while brhonchial veins drain the blood from them

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17
Q

what is the pleura of the lungs

A

inner/outer pleura lying next to organs (inner) and against chest wall (outer)

separated by liquid which allows the two to slip over each other w no friction

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18
Q

what is ventilation

A

act of moving gas in or out of the lungs

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19
Q

what is respiration

A

exchange of gasses between environment and tissue cells

regulation of acid/base, metabolic, and defence functions of the respiratory system

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20
Q

what is anatomical deadspace

A

volume of air that does not participate in any gas exchange

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21
Q

what is alveolar dead space

A

air that reaches alveoli, but not the blood

mainly seen in forms of lung disease

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22
Q

what is physiological dead space

A

anatomical plus alveolar

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23
Q

what is tidal volume

A

regular breaths (volume of air displaced with regular breathing)

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24
Q

what is IRV

A

inspiratory reserve volume

max u can inhale

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25
what is VC
vital capacity, max u can inhale after max expiration
26
what is RV
residual volume, deadspace air
27
what is ERV
expiratory reserve volume max air u can expire after normal breathing
28
what is TLC
total lung capacity
29
how does transfer of gas occur
diffusion across the blood gas barrier rate of diffusion dependant on gas and tissue properties (CO2 diffuses 20x faster than O2 cause it has much higher solubility
30
describe the stucture and function of alveoli
provide a large surface area for the diffusion of gas (50 to 100 square metres) minimize the distance for diffusion match ventilation and blood flow capillary only wide enough for one RBC at a time, and they come into contact with many alveoli making em saturated with O2 quick have capillaries wrapped around alveoli to maximize diffusion
31
what is the gas exchange ratio
v/q ventilation/perfusion perfusion will occur at the lowest part of the lung important for maintaining partial pressure of O2 and CO2 levels in blood
32
what are the 3 elements in the control of breathing
sensors - gather info central controller (brainstem, dorsal respiratory group in medulla is inspiration and ventral respiratory group in medulla is expiration) - coordinate info and send impulses effectors (respiratory muscles) - cause ventilation
33
what is the apneustic centre
in lower pons, plays a role in abnormal ventilation in brain injury
34
what is the pneumotaxic centre
upper pons can switch off or inhibit inspiration and regulate inspired volume and rate
35
how is voluntary breathing controlled
motor cortex can override brainstem and breathe on its own pCO2 can be halved by hyperventilation voluntary hypoventilation is hard to do
36
what muscles are responsible for breathing
external intercostals - fibres running forwards and downwards (inhalation) internal intercostals - fibres running backwards and downwards (exhalation) diaphragm - main muscle of respiration connected via central tendon attaching to the xiphisternum (innervated by phrenic nerve from roots C3,C4,C5)
37
what passes through the diaphragm and where
i ate 10 eggs at 12 inferior vena cava at t8 esophagaus at t10 aorta at t12
38
what are the sensors that detect breathing rate changes
central chemoreceptors - respond to a change in the chemical composition of the blood or fluid around it, they sit near ventral surface of medulla and respond to changes in H+ (more h+, ventilation stimulated, less inhibits it) peripheral chemoreceptors - in the carotid bodies at the bifurcation of common carotid arteries and the aortic arch, respond to decreases of pO2 and ph, and respond to increases of pCO2. less important than central
39
how do we achieve airflow in lungs
pressure inside the lungs has to be lower to force air in (diaphragm contracts) pressure inside lungs has to be higher to force air out (diaphragm relaxes)
40
what encases the heart
mediastinum - space between the two pleural sacs
41
what is the pericardium
tough fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and protects it from sudden overfilling, with the apex of it having the aorta coming out alongside the SVC and the pulmonary trunk base is fused with central tendon
42
what is the function of the heart
pump blood through vessels of the body, right heart gets and sends deoxygenated blood to lungs, left heart gets the oxygenated blood from lungs and sends to the body
43
what is the structure of the heart
4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles) each chamber wall has an endocardium (inner layer) myocardium (middle layer w muscle) epicardium (external layer)
44
what is the function of the right atrium
connects w IVC and SVC, receives blood from the body and pumps it down into Rventricle
45
what is the function of the right ventricle
pumps deoxy blood thru pulmonary trunk to send to lungs wall is made up of papillary muscles which have chordae tendinae arrising from them, attaching to the AV valve
46
what is teh function of the left ventricle
the apex of the heart, the strongest area of the heart as it pumps blood to the entire body through the aorta
47
what is the function of the left atrium
recieve oxy blood from pulmonary veins
48
what are the AV valves called
right - tricuspid left - mitral both prevent backflow of blood and are controlled by the chordae tendinae/papillary muscles
49
what is the semilunar valve
in right its pulmonary valve, preventing backflow into Rventricle, sealed when blood flows backwards in left its aortic valve, same properties
50
what supplies blood to the heart muscles
right/left coronary arteries (branches off the ascending aorta, and run in the coronary groove) coronary sinus (opens into right atria to the left of IVC) and great cardiac vein drain the heart (mainly on the right side of heart.)
51
what are the two branches of the right coronary artery
right marginal branch - towards apex of heart posterior interventricular branch - left side of heart
52
what are the two branches of the left coronary artery
anterior interventricular branch (apex) circumflex branch (LV, LA, and left surface of heart
53
what are the 3 parts to the circulatory system
systemic circulation - supplies body as a whole pulmonary system - supplies the lungs coronary system - supplying the heart
54
trace the path of blood from IVC
IVC RA tricuspid valve RV pulmonary valve pulmonary trunk/arteries pulmonary veins LA mitral valve LV Aortic valve Aorta region of body (main artery) arterioles capillaries venioles veins IVC or SVC
55
what is the function of capillaries
permit rapid exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid transport O2 to the muscles and transport nutrients/waste
56
what are the 3 components that regulate the CV system
control centre effectors (heart, smooth muscles of vessels, and kidneys) sensors organized into a feedback loop
57
where is the control centre for the CV system
thru cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata (contains cardiac centre and vasomotor centre)
58
What is the cardiac centre
causes changes in heart rate and strength of contraction causes increases by activating the cardiostimulatory pathways and decreases by activating the cardioinhibitory pathways (vagal nerve)
59
what is the vasomotor centre
causes change in blood vessel tone causes vasoconstriction by activating the vasoconstrictor areas causes vasodilation by activating the vasodilator areas
60
what are baroreceptors
pressure sensitive cells in the walls of carotid arteries and aortic arch, when they are stretched by force of BP they produce potentials to send to cardiovasular centre - carotid sinus receptors are more sensitive. they exist in other vessels like VC and the chambers of the heart, and these are more sensitive to low-pressure changes caused by the effects of blood volume. they cause inhibition of the cardio-stim centre and lower BV and BP
61
whaat are central chemoreceptors for CV system
stimulated by an assortment of chemicals when stimulated they send signals to CNS to activate local smooth muscle central chemoreceptors are located on anterior surface of oblongata and are sensitive to H+ changes from CSF. they control the ventilation depending on if theres increased H+ (acidosis - increased vasoconstriction) or lower H+ (alkalosis - decreased vasoconstriction)
62
what are peripheral chemoreceptors for CV system
located in carotid bodies and aortic arch, respond to reductions in blood O2, or increases in blood CO2 and H+, and they stimmulate the vasopressor area and inhibit cardiostim centre
63

physiotherapy MSc term 1 (12 decks)

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