Cardiovascular & Skeletal System

Question 1

Where is the heart located?

Answer 1

In the pericardial cavity behind the sternum and ribs.

Question 2

Name the layers of the heart.

Answer 2

Epicardium (outer layer)
Myocardium (middle layer)
Endocardium (inner layer)

Question 3

How does blood move through the right side of the heart?

Answer 3

Deoxygenated blood from the body enter RA through vena cava + flows into the RV through the tricuspid valve. RV pumps the blood to the lungs through pulmonary valve.

Question 4

How does blood move through the left side of the heart?

Answer 4

Oxygenated blood from the lungs enter LA by the pulmonary veins + flows in to the LV through the bicuspid valve. LV pumps the blood to the aorta which carries it to the body.

Question 5

What do arteries do?

Answer 5

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Have arterioles branching off them.

Question 6

What do capillaries do?

Answer 6

Allow oxygen + nutrients to diffuse into tissues + waste to be removed.

Question 7

What do veins + venules do?

Answer 7

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Venules drain deoxygenated blood from the capillaries.

Question 8

Pulmonary circulatory system

Answer 8

Re-oxygenates blood, includes right side of heart - inferior + superior vena cava, RA, RV, pulmonary artery, lungs.

Question 8

Systemic circulatory system

Answer 8

Gives oxygen + nutrients to the muscles + tissues, includes left side of heart - right/left superior + inferior pulmonary veins, LA, LV, aorta, systemic arteries.

Question 9

What is blood pressure?

Answer 9

Force blood exerts on the blood vessel walls.

Question 10

Describe the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Answer 10

Systolic is the pressure in the arterial walls when the heart contracts.
Diastolic is the pressure in the arterial walls when the heart is resting.

Question 11

BP categories

Answer 11

Normal = 120/80 + below
Elevated = 120-129/80 + below
Stage 1 hypertension = 130-139/80-89
Stage 2 hypertension = 140/90 + higher
Stage 3 hypertension (hypertensive crisis) = 180/20 + higher

Question 12

What are the main muscles involved in breathing?

Answer 12

Diaphragm - beneath lungs at bottom of rib cage.
Intercostals - in spaces between ribs.

Question 13

What is gaseous exchange?

Answer 13

Process of oxygen and carbon dioxide moving between the lungs and the blood (high conc to low conc).

Question 14

What is external respiration?

Answer 14

Gaseous exchange between the lungs and blood.

Question 15

What is internal respiration?

Answer 15

Gaseous exchange between the blood and body cells.

Question 16

Pathway of air (list)

Answer 16

1. Nose / Mouth
2. Nasal cavity
3. Pharynx
4. Epiglottis
5. Larynx
6. Trachea
7. Bronchi
8. Bronchioles
9. Alveoli
10. Pulmonary capillaries

Question 17

Role of axial and appendicular skeleton

Answer 17

Axial - has 80 bones including vertebral column, cranium, ribs and its role is to maintain an individuals upright posture.
Appendicular - has 126 bones including lower limbs, pelvis, upper limbs and role is to make walking / arm movements possible and protect organs.

Question 18

Functions of skeleton

Answer 18

1. Protection
2. Shape
3. Support
4. Movement
5. Red blood cell production

Question 19

Bone classification and their function

Answer 19

1. Flat bones - protect vital organs
2. Long bones - act as levers to create movement
3. Short bones - give stability and support
4. Irregular bones
5. Sesamoid bones - give smooth surface for tendons to slide over

Question 20

Features of long bones (6)

Answer 20

1. Epiphysis - rounded end
2. Diaphysis - main part of bone
3. Periosteum - shell on outside of bone
4. Articular cartilage - covers end of bone
5. Medullary cavity - hollow area in diaphysis
6. Epiphyseal line - where epiphysis and diaphysis meet

Question 21

What do weight bearing activities do to the bone?

Answer 21

Increase bone density and reduce risk of osteoporosis

Question 22

Which mineral is important for bone health?

Answer 22

Calcium - dairy, fish, veg

Question 23

Ligaments

Answer 23

Connect bone to bone

Question 24

Tendons

Answer 24

Connect muscle to bone

Question 25

What is good posture known as?

Answer 25

Neutral alignment - spine is in straight vertical alignment when looking forwards

Question 26

Describe scoliosis, lordosis and kyphosis

Answer 26

Scoliosis = curving in the spine (either direction) when facing forwards. Lordosis = excessive anterior tilt, lower spine is too far forward. Kyphosis = excessive arch in upper back (hunchback).

Question 27

Fibrous / Fixed joints

Answer 27

Very stable and don't allow movement e.g. cranium

Question 28

Cartilagenuous / Slightly moveable joints

Answer 28

Allow small amount of movement e.g. intervertebral discs of cartilage between lumbar vertebrae

Question 29

Synovial / Freely moveable joints

Answer 29

Allow lots of movement e.g. hip, elbow, knee, shoulder joints

Question 30

What are the parts of synovial joints and their functions? (8)

Answer 30

1. Hyaline cartilage - protects bone and reduces friction 2. Joint / Articular capsule - strong fibrous tissue around joint 3. Synovial membrane 4. Synovial fluid - yellow fluid on articulating surfaces, synovitis is when the membrane becomes inflamed 5. Ligaments 6. Menisci - between articular surfaces 7. Pads of fat - fill crevices around joint 8. Bursae - sacs filled with synovial fluid, bursitis is caused by overuse and inflammation of the bursae e.g. in knee, elbow, achilles

Question 31

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

Answer 31

1. Hinge - elbow, knee (flexion, extension) 2. Ball & socket - shoulder, hip (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction) 3. Pivot - radioulnar below elbow (rotation) 4. Condyloid / Ellipsoid - radiocarpal of wrist (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction) 5. Gliding - carpals, tarsals (move in all directions) 6. Saddle - carpometacarpal of thumb, allows thumb to move across palm (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction)

Question 32

Sagittal plane

Answer 32

Separates body into left and right, movements are forwards and backwards parallel to plane e.g. bicep curl

Question 33

Frontal plane

Answer 33

Separates body into front and back, movement include star jumps, lateral raises

Question 34

Transverse plane

Answer 34

Separates body into top and bottom, movement like ankle rotations