CARDIOVASCULAR SYST Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Lateral border of the mediastinum
A
Pleural cavities
2
Q
Anterior border of the mediastinum
A
Sternum
3
Q
Posterior border of the mediastinum
A
Thoracic vertebrae
4
Q
Superior border of the mediastinum
A
Superior thoracic aberture
5
Q
Inferior border of the mediastinum
A
Diaphragm
6
Q
Parts into which the mediastinum is divided
A
Superior and inferior mediastinum
7
Q
The inferior mediastinum divides into
A
Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum
8
Q
What plane divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior
A
Sternal angle to T4-T5 intervertebral disc
9
Q
What subdivides the inferior mediastinum into middle, anterior and posterior
A
The pericardium
10
Q
What constitues the middle mediastinum
A
The pericardium and the heart
11
Q
Where is the thymus?
A
Superior mediastinum, posterior to the manubrium
12
Q
Where can the brachiocephalic veins be found?
A
Superior mediastinum, posterior to thymus
13
Q
Where is the brachiocephalic artery?
A
Superior mediastinum
14
Q
Where is the trachea
A
Superior mediastinum
15
Q
Where does the trachea divide into the bronchi
A
At or just inferior to the transverse plane sternal angle-intervertebral disc T4-T5
16
Q
Which parts of the mediastinum does the esophagus pass
A
Superior and posterior mediastinum
17
Q
When does the thymus begin to atrophy
A
Puberty
18
Q
What can be seen of the thymus in an elderly adult
A
Barely unidentifiable, consists mainly of fatty tissue
19
Q
Where do the brachicephalic veins come from
A
Subclavian and jugular veins
20
Q
What vein do the brachiocephalic veins form
A
Superior vena cava
21
Q
What veins form the superior vena cava
A
Right and left brachiocephalic veins
22
Q
Where does the superior vena cava end
A
Upon entering the right atrium (lower edge of 3rd costal carthilage)
23
Q
What vein does the superior vena cava receive before entering the pericardial sac
A
Azygos vein
24
Q
Parts that the aorta can be divided into
A
Ascending aorta, arch of the aorta and decending aorta
25
Which segment of the aorta is only found in the superior mediastinum
Arch of the aorta
26
Where does the aorta start
Left ventricle
27
What three arteries does the aorta give rise to
Brachiocephalic trunk (right), left common carotid and left subclavian
28
What structure crosses anteriorly the brachiocephalic, carotid and subclavian arteries at their origin from the aorta
Left brachiocephalic vein
29
What arteries form from the brachiocephalic trunk
Right subclavian and common carotid arteries
30
Where is the left common carotid artery found
Superior mediastinum, left side of trachea
31
What artery supplies the right side of the head and neck
Right common carotid artery
32
What artery supplies the right arm
Right subclavian artery
33
What artery supplies the left side of the head and neck
Left common carotid artery
34
What artery supplies the left arm
Left subclavian artery
35
Where is the left subclavian artery found
Superior mediastinum, left side of the trachea
36
What structure joins the arch of the aorta and the pulmonar artery
Ligamentum arteriosum/ Ductus arteriosum/ Ligamentum Botalli
37
Function of ligamentum arteriosum
In embryonic development, acts as bypass for blood to divert most of it from unformed and unfunctional lungs.
38
Origin of the vagus nerve
CN X
39
Where is the vagus nerve in the mediastinum
Superior and posterior divisions
40
Where does the right vagus nerve enter the mediastinum
Between the right brachiocephalic vein and the brachiocephalic trunk
41
What crosses over the right vagus nerve before reaching the esophagus
The azygus vein
42
Where does the left vagus nerve enter the mediastinum
Posterior to the left brachiocephalic vein and between left common carotid and left subclavian arteries
43
What nerve is given rise by the left vagus nerve
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
44
Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve pass through
Inferior to the arch of the aorta, lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum. (It goes superiorly to the larynx after entering a groove btwn trachea and esophagus)
45
Where do the phrenic nerves come from
C3-C5 spinal cord segments
46
What do the phrenic nerves innervate
Diaphragm
47
What type of nerve are the phrenic nerves
Somatic (motor and sensory innervation for diaphragm)
48
What course does the right phrenic nerve follow in the superior mediastinum
Goes to the right alongside the right brachiocephalic vein and then the superior vena cava, leaving alongside it
49
What path does the right phrenic nerve take in the middle mediastinum
Rigth side of the pericardial sac
50
What structures accompany the phrenic nerves
Pericardiophrenic vessels
51
What path does the left phrenic nerve follow through the superior mediastinum
Left to the left brachiocephalic vein, descends laterally to the arch of the aorta
52
What path does the left phrenic nerve follow in the middle mediastinum
Left side of pericardial sac
53
Which is the major lymphatic vessel?
The thoracic duct
54
Where does the thoracic duct pass through the superior mediastinum
The posterior part through the midline anterior to the vertebral bodies
55
Where does the thoracic duct enter the superior mediastinum
Enters inferiorly, slightly left
56
What nerve is given rise by the right vagus nerve
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
57
Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve go
Goes superiorly after going around the right subclavian artery to the larynx
58
Where are the internal thoracic vessels
Anterior mediastinum, posterior to costal cartilages and next to sternum
59
Where do the anterior intercostal arteries come from
Internal thoracic arteries
60
What do the anterior intercostal veins form
Internal thoracic veins or the azygos veins
61
Where do the internal thoracic arteries come from
Subclavian arteries
62
Where do the internal thoracic veins end
Brachiocephalic veins
63
What muscular tube goes from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
64
Where does the esophagus begin
Inferior border of the cricoid carthilage (C6)
65
Where does the esophagus end
Cardiac opening of stomach (T11)
66
What happens with the esophagus when it reaches the diaphragm
It moves anteriorly to the left, crossing over the aorta to become anterior to it and passes through the esophageal hiatus (T10)
67
What structure is the esophagus related to laterally
The parietal pleura
68
What is posterior to the esophagus
The thoracic duct (right side inferiorly, left side superiorly)
69
What can we find on the left side of the esophagus
Thoracic aorta
70
What is anterior to the esophagus
Trachea till bifurcation, right pulmonar artery, left main bronchus and then left atrium, finally reaching diaphragm
71
Normal esophageal constrictions
Junction with pharynx (C6), crossing of arortic arch (T4) and left main bronchus (T5) and the esophageal hiatus with diaphragm (T10)
72
What nerves forms the esophageal plexus
Right and left vagus nerves
73
What structure is formed on the esophagus by ramification of both vagus nerves
Esophageal plexus
74
What forms the posterior vagal trunk
Mainly ramifications of the right vagus nerve
75
What forms the anterior vagal trunk
Mainly fibers from the left vagus nerve
76
What sructure upon arriving the diaphram gives rise to the vagal trunks
Esophageal plexus
77
Where do the pericardiophrenic veins drain into
Internal thoracic veins or brachiocephalic veins
78
Origin of pericardiophrenic arteries
Internal thoracic artery
79
Where is the arch of the aorta located
T4
80
Where does the descending thoracic aorta start
T4, after arch of aorta
81
Where does the descending thoracic aorta end
T12, after passing the aortic hiatus
82
Which system of veins drains blood from the body wall and some thoracic viscera into the superior vena cava
Azygos system
83
Which veins form the azygos system
Azygos, hemiazygos and accesory hemiazygos
84
Where does the azygos vein drain
Superior vena cava, arch of the azygos vein, T4
85
Where does the azygos vein enter the thorax
Aortic hiatus of the diaphragm
86
What veins give rise to the azygos vein
Right ascending lumbar and right subcostal veins (sometimes also a branch from inferior vena cava)
87
Where does the right superior intercostal vein drain
Azygos vein
88
Most important tributaries of the azygos vein
Right superior intercostal, hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins
89
Which veins give rise to the hemiazygos vein
Left superior lumbar and left subcostal veins
90
Where does the hemiazygos vein join the azygos vein
T11, crossing the vertebral column posteriorly to aorta, esophagus and thoracic duct
91
Where does the accessory hemiazygos vein drain
Azygos vein, sometimes hemyazygos. T8
92
Where does the left superior intercostal vein drain
Left brachiocephalic vein
93
Where is the aortic hiatus
T12
94
What vessels branch off the thoracic aorta
Pericardial, bronchial, esophageal, mediastinal, posterior intercostal, superior phrenic and subcostal arteries.
95
What structure drains the right superior side of the body (right half thorax, head, neck and right arm)
Right lymphatic duct
96
What does the right lymphatic duct drain
Right half side of the thorax, neck, head and right arm
97
What lymphatic duct drains the body except the right superior half
Thoracic duct
98
What does the thoracic duct drain
The whole body except the right superior half
99
What stucture is formed by the confluence of lymph trunks in the abdomen
Cisterna chyli
100
Where does the thoracic duct extend from and to where
Root of the neck to L2
101
Where is the thoracic duct located in reference to other structures
It is the most posterior structure, acends thorugh the midline in the posterior and superior mediastinum
102
What nervous structures are located in the posterior mediastinum, lateral and parallel to the vertebral bodies
Sympathetic trunk of the thorax
103
What structures form the sympathetic trunks and how many of them
Ganglia, 11 or 12
104
What connects to the ganglia
The thoracic nerves through white and grey communicating rami
105
Which is the most important nerve that is given rise by the sympathetic trunk of the thorax
Greater splachnic nerve
106
What direction does the greater splachnic nerve take
It goes inferior and medial, accross the vertebral bodies
107
Which mediastinum division is the heart in
Middle mediastinum
108
What mesoderm gives rise to the somatic and splachnic mesoderm
Lateral mesoderm
109
What does the somatic mesoderm give rise in the CVS
Smooth muscle in blood and linfatic vessels
110
What does the splachnic mesoderm give rise in the CVS
Smooth muscle around primitive gut derivatives and cardiac muscle
111
How is the primitive cardiogenic field situated in the 19 day embryo (dorsal view)
Horseshoe shape, craneal to neural folds
112
What can be seen in an axial view of the 19 day embryo (CVS), from ventral to dorsal
From ventral to dorsal:
```
Embryonic ectoderm
Splachnic mesoderm;
-inside, to each side,
·pericardial coelom
·angioblastic cord
Embryonic endoderm,
Yolk sac
```
113
Where is the heart at a 19 day embryo situated
Anterior to oropharyngeal membrane
114
What happens to the heart when the craneal folding take place
The heart (heart tube at that moment) starts to move ventrally and ends up, the heart, at thoracic level
115
What happens to the heart tube when the craneal foldings take place
Started ventral to the pericardial cavity (previously coelom), moves dorsal, bending towards it
116
What happens to the heart when the lateral foldings take place
The lateral folds cause the fusion of both heart primordia.
The percardial coella form the pericardial cavity, surrounding the heart tubes.
The heart tubes (endocardial) fuse.
117
What cells maintains the heart tube suspended in the pericardial cavity
Dorsal mesocardium
118
Which cells cover the wall of the heart tube
Visceral pericardium
119
Which cells form the outide layer of the pericardial cavity
Serous parietal pericardium
120
What structure surrounds the heart
Coelomic cavity
121
What makes up the coelomic cavity
Parietal and visceral serous pericardium and pericadial cavity
122
What layer of cells surrounds and forms a sac arounf the heart and the pericardial cavity
Fibrous pericardium
123
What happens during day 21-22 of embryonic development (CVS)
Formation of the heart tube
124
What segments can the heart tube be divided into (craneal to caudal)
```
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Common ventricle
Common atrium
Sinus venosus
```
125
To what structure does the common atrium associate caudally
Septum transversum
126
What is the septum transversum
Central part of the diaphragm
127
What happens to the heart tube during days 22-24
Folding and formation of cardiac loop
128
What movement does the common atrium do during the formation of the cardiac loop
Cranial, dorsal and to the left
129
What movements does the common ventricle do during the formation of the cardiac loop
Caudal, ventral and to the right
130
Which shape does the heart tube adopt when the cardiac loop is formed
S shape
131
Why does the heart tube form the cardiac loop
So the pericardium can surround it
132
What adult structure is formed by the truncus arteriosus
Aorta and pulmonary arteries
133
What adult structure is formed by the bulbus cordis/conus arteriosus
The outflow of the ventricles
134
What adult structure is formed by the common ventricle
Trabecular part of the ventricles
135
What adult structure is formed by the common atrium
Trabecular part of the atria
136
What adult structure is formed by the sinus venosus
Smooth part of the right atrium
Coronary sinus
Oblique vein of the left atrium
137
What fetal structure forms the aorta
Truncus arteriosus
138
What fetal structure forms the pulmonary artery
Truncus arteriosus
139
What fetal structure forms the part of the vessels associated to the ventricles (outflow)
Bulbus cordis
140
What fetal structure forms the trabecular part of the atria
Primitive common atrium
141
What fetal structure forms the trabecular part of the ventricles
Primitive common ventricle
142
What fetal structure forms the smooth part of the right atrium
Sinus venosus
143
What fetal structure forms the oblique vein of the left atrium
Sinus venosus
144
What fetal structure forms the coronary sinus
Sinus venosus
145
Which structure attaches the heart to where
Dorsal mesocardium, to dorsal wall
146
What forms from the dissapearance of the dorsal mesocardium
Trnasverse pericardial sinus
147
Dissapereance of which embryonic vein gives rise to the left brachiocephalic vein
Anterior cardinal vein
148
What occurs to sinus transversus during the 4th to 5th week of development
Its veins, previously caudal, shift to dorsal and right
149
What separates trabecular and smooth parts of the right atrium
Crista terminalis
