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ANAT 1OO MOUDLE 9 > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 functions of blood

A
  • transportation of elements through the body ( oxygen co2)
  • regulation of bodily functions ( temp and ph levels )
  • protecting the body through immune responses (migration of white blood cells )
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2
Q

what are the characteristics of stable blood ?

A
  1. viscosity ( 4x that of water )
  2. temperature of 38 c
  3. Ph between 7.35 and 7.45
  4. volume is around 5L
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3
Q

the 2 components that make up blood are

A

plasma( 55%) and formed elements

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4
Q

Plasma is made up of

A

92% water and 8% solutes

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5
Q

Solutes include

A

plasma proteins( albumin, fibrinogen and globulin ) accounts for 7% of blood content

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6
Q

1 % of blood includes

A

inorganic salts, ( electrolytes such as salts , potassium and calcium

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7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

known as red blood cells and contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body

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8
Q

features of red blood cells

A

1) lack nuclei
2) are 8 um in diameter
3) life span is around 120 days

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9
Q

Thrombocytes

A

known as platelets and are the smallest formed elements in blood

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10
Q

function of thrombocytes

A

hemostasis ( stopping bleeding )

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11
Q

features of platelets

A

1) no nuclei
2) round or spindle shape discs
3) 2-4 um in diameter
4) originate from Megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow

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12
Q

Leukocytes

A

known as white blood cells , they have a nucleus and don’t have hemoglobin

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13
Q

2 divisions of leukocytes

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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14
Q

Granulocytes

A

contains granules in the cytoplasm and a lobed nucleus . the 3 types are neutrophils , eosinophils and basophils

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15
Q

neutrophils

A

make up about 60- 70% of abc , they are the first line of defence against bacteria and are phagocytic outside blood ( engulf bacteria )

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16
Q

Eosinophils

A

make up 2-4% of White blood cells , help defend against allergic reactions and parasitic infections

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17
Q

Basophils

A

least common granulocytes, nucleus has 2-3 irregular lobes ( only 1% of WBC) Granules contain heparin and histamine are released in an allergic reaction

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18
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lack of granules in the cytoplasm and have a nucleus that is round or indented. 2 kinds, lymphocytes and monocytes

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19
Q

lymphocytes

A

account for 20-30% of WBC and are similar in size to red blood cells - attacks pathogens and abnormal cells , large dark staining nucleus with a halo cytoplasm

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20
Q

Monocytes

A

account for 3-* % of the WBC and are large in size. Can move outside the blood vessels into tissue where they change into phagocytic cells called macrophages and act as part of the immune system

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21
Q

nucleus and cytoplasm in monocytes

A

large oval shaped nucleus and a more abundant cytoplasm than lymphocytes

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22
Q

tunica externa

A

outside layer of blood vessel. composed of connective tissues with collagen and elastic fibres

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23
Q

tunica media

A

composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibres

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24
Q

tunica intima

A

composed of simple squamous epithelium and also known as the endothelium

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25
Q

the 2 categories of blood vessels

A

arteries and veins

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26
Q

Elastic artery

A

large arteries near the heart such as the aorta

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27
Q

elastic arteries contains

A

Large lumen, tunica media has more elastic fibres than smooth muscle, exhibit stretching and recoiling characteristics

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28
Q

muscular arteries

A

deliver blood to various regions and organs of the body , contain thick tunica media with a lot of smooth muscle and exhibit contractile characteristics

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29
Q

Arteriole

A

have 3 tunics but the tunica media only consists of a few layers of smooth muscle
smaller arterioles have a single layer of smooth muscle around the tunica intima

30
Q

Capillary

A

smallest blood vessels and are the transition between arterioles( arterioles system) and venous system

31
Q

characteristics of capillaries

A

diameters range from 8-10 um and consists only of a tunic intima ( layer of epithelia cells and a thin basement l membrane

32
Q

Venule

A

contain larger lumen and diameter compared to capillaries and arterioles , smaller ones consist in only one tunic whereas larger ones have 3 tunics

33
Q

veins

A

venues give rise to small and large veins contain larger lumen compared to arteries, and have far less muscle in the tunica media than in arteries
- contain one way valves to prevent blood flowing backwards

34
Q

distribution of cardiac output

A

refers to the amount of blood in the venous system and the arterial system at a given time. 30-35 % resides in the arterial system, whereas 65% to 70% in the venous system

35
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and returns oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart

36
Q

systematic circulation

A

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body except the lungs , deoxygenated blood from the tissues returns to the heart

37
Q

where does the heart reside ?

A

In the mediastinum ( space between the lungs and the thorax

38
Q

Most inferior lateral portion of the heart

A

the apex

39
Q

pericardium

A

referred to as the layers of the heart consists of 3 layers

40
Q

pericardium is divided into 2 types of layers

A

fibrous pericardium , most external protective covering and the serous pericardium

41
Q

layers of the serous pericardium include

A

the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium

42
Q

space located between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium

A

the pericardial space , which contains pericardial fluid which decreases friction between the 2 layers when the heart beats

43
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart ?

A

1) right atrium
2) left atrium
3) right ventricle
4) left ventricle

44
Q

atria of the heart function

A

receives blood from the body and the lungs before blood enters the ventricles

45
Q

intertribal septum

A

wall between the left and right atria and where the fossil ovalis is found

46
Q

fossa ovalis

A

depression in the intertribal septum of the right atrium. it is the embryological remnant of the fetal foramen ovale which allowed blood movement during fetal life

47
Q

auricles

A

extensions or pouches that project above the chamber of the left and right atria , increasing the capacity of each atrium

48
Q

atrioventricular groove

A

also known as the coronary sulcus ,depression between the atria and the ventricle that separates the atria from the ventricles externally and houses coronary vessels

49
Q

Function of right ventricle vs left

A

right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs to become oxygenated whereas the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

50
Q

inter ventricular sulcus

A

groove that separates the right and left ventricle, sit above the inter ventricular septum

51
Q

inter ventricular septum

A

wall between the left and right ventricle

52
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

irregular muscular ridges on the internal walls of each ventricle that are formed by the large ventricular muscles

53
Q

Papillary muscles

A

smaller muscular projections on the internal walls of the ventricles that attach to the valves of the heart

54
Q

tricuspid valve

A

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle contains the cordae tendinae which are strands of collagen fibres which are thin strands of collagen fibres that attach the papillary muscle

55
Q

what does the tricuspid valve do ?

A

controls blood flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle

56
Q

bicuspid valve

A

located between the left atrium and left ventricle and is also known as the mitral valve . contain cordae tendinae that anchor it to the left ventricle

57
Q

The bicuspid valve controls what ?

A

controls the blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

58
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

located between the left ventricle and aorta and controls blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

59
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk and controls blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk

60
Q

pulmonary veins ( left and right )

A

drain oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

61
Q

superior vena cava

A

drains the deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium

62
Q

coronary sinus

A

drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium

63
Q

inferior vena cava

A

drains the deoxygenated blood from the the lower body to the right atrium

64
Q

ascending aorta

A

conducts oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

65
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries

66
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

conducts deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary trunk to the lungs

67
Q

order in which blood flows through the heart

A

right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle , pulmonary semilunar valve , pulmonary trunk ,pulmonary arteries, lungs , pulmonary veins , left atrium , bicuspid valve , left ventricle , aortic semilunar valve , aorta

68
Q

coronary circulation

A

the system in which the heart is able to supply blood to itself

69
Q

right coronary artery branches

A

includes the marginal branch , right coronary artery , and the posterior inter ventricular branch

70
Q

left coronary artery branches

A

left coronary artery, circumflex branch , anterior interventicular branch

71
Q

the directional shape of coronary circulation

A

form a circle and loop schematic

72
Q

tributaries involved in the return of deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

A

small cardiac vein, great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, coronary sinus

ANAT 1OO MOUDLE 9 (5 decks)

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