Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(308 cards)
1
Q
Form of osmotic pressure induced by the proteins.
A
Oncotic pressure
2
Q
Normal blood pH
A
7.35-7.45 slightly alkaline
3
Q
Type of connective tissue that consists of a liquid matrix containing cells and cell fragments.
A
Blood
4
Q
Determines the color of the blood
A
O2 or oxygen content
5
Q
Liquid matrix
A
Plasma
6
Q
Cell fragments
A
Formed elements
7
Q
Blood volume of average adult female
A
4-5 L
8
Q
Blood volume of average adult male
A
5-6 L
9
Q
Major transport system of the body
Regulates blood supply
A
Cardiovascular System
10
Q
Normal Blood Pressure
A
120/80
11
Q
Location of the heart
A
Between lungs in the thoracic cavity - mediastinum
12
Q
Size of the heart
A
<1lb, size of a fist
13
Q
Heart Orientation
A
Apex is deviated towards the left side
14
Q
Apex
A
Bottom of the heart
15
Q
Heart Coverings
A
Pericardium (Parietal & Visceral), Pericardial Cavity
16
Q
Double-layered sac that anchors and protects the heart.
A
Pericardium
17
Q
Types of Pericardium
A
Fibrous Pericardium and Serous Pericardium
18
Q
Types of Serous Pericardium
A
Parietal & Visceral Pericardium
19
Q
Membrane around heart’s cavity.
A
Parietal Pericardium
20
Q
Membrane on heart’s surface.
A
Visceral Pericardium
21
Q
Space around heart, filled with pericardial fluid
A
Pericardial Cavity
22
Q
Sequence of Heart Coverings
A
Fibrous Pericardium → Parietal Pericardium → Pericardial Cavity → Visceral Pericardium
23
Q
Heart Layers
A
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
24
Q
Outside surface of the heart
A
Epicardium
25
Thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle.
Myocardium
26
Smooth, inner surface of the heart.
Endocardium
27
Involuntary Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
28
Muscle with 1 central located nucleus
Cardiac Muscle
29
Braching cells muscles
Cardiac Muscle
30
Muscle rich in Mitochodria
Cardiac Muscle
31
Type of striated muscle (w/ actin and myosin)
Cardiac Muscle
32
Used for cardiac muscle contractions
Ca2+ and ATP
33
Disk that connects cells of cardiac muscle
Intercalated disks
34
4 Chambers
* Right Atrium (RA)
* Right Ventricle (RV)
* Left Atrium (LA)
* Left Ventricle (LV)
35
Separates atria from ventricles.
Coronary Sulcus
36
Upper Portion Chamber
Atria
37
Holding Chambers
Atria
38
Small & thin walled chamber
Atria
39
Chamber for primary pump
Atria
40
Chambers that contract minimally to push blood into ventricles
Atria
41
Separates right and left atria
Interatrial Septum
42
Lower portion chamber
Ventricles
43
Pumping chambers
Ventricles
44
Chambers responsible for power pump
Ventricles
45
Thick, strong walled chamber
Ventricles
46
Chambers that contract forcefully to propel blood out of heart.
Ventricles
47
Separates right and left ventricles.
Interventricular Septum
48
Valves between atrium and ventricles
Atrioventricular Valves (AV)
49
Types of AV Valves
Tricuspid Valve and Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
50
The minimal contraction of the atrium so that the rest 30% of blood in the atrium flows to the ventricle
Atrial Kick
51
Ventricles Stretching =
Contraction Response
52
Flow of the blood from heart to the body.
Systemic Circulation
53
Flow of blood from heart to lungs and vice versa.
Pulmonary Circulation
54
Arteries in the body that carries unoxygenated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary Arteries
55
Veins in the body that carries oxygenated blood to the heart.
Pulmonary Veins
56
Blood Vessels that exchanged functions of carrying oxygenated and unoxygenated blood
Pulmonary Arteries and Veins
Umbilical Arteries and Veins
57
Biggest veins in the human body.
Superior & Inferior Vena Cava
58
Biggest artery in the human body
Aorta
59
Largest Blood Vessels
Vena Cava (S&I) and Aorta
60
When blood flows from LA into LV
When bicuspid valve is open
61
When blood flows from RA into RV
When tricuspid valve is open
62
When Aortic Semilunar Valve is closed
When bicuspid valve is open
63
When Pulmonary Semilunar Valve is closed
When tricuspid valve is open
64
When tension on chordae tendineae is low. (left)
When bicuspid valve is open
65
When tension on chordae tendineae is low. (right)
When tricuspid valve is open
66
When blood flows from LV into Aorta
When bicuspid valve is closed
67
When blood flows from RV into Pulmonary Trunk
When tricuspid valve is closed
68
When Aortic Semilunar Valve is open.
When bicuspid valve is closed
69
When Pulmonary Semilunar Valve is open.
When tricuspid valve is closed
70
When tension on chordae tendineae is high. (left)
When bicuspid valve is closed
71
When tension on chordae tendineae is high. (right)
When tricuspid valve is closed
72
blood flow within the heart wall.
Coronary Circulation
73
BV that Supply blood to heart wall
Coronary Arteries
74
BV that Originate from base of aorta (above aortic semilunar valve)
Coronary Arteries
75
Coronary Artery that Supply blood to anterior heart wall and left ventricle.
Left Coronary Artery
76
Coronary Artery that Has 3 branches
Left Coronary Artery
77
Coronary Artery that Originates on the right side of the aorta
Right Coronary Artery
78
Coronary Artery that Supply blood to right ventricle
Right Coronary Artery
79
Artery that surrounds the left side of the heart.
Circumflex Artery
80
where the deoxygenated blood of the
heart wall enters the right atrium.
Coronary Sinus
81
Changes in membrane channels’ permeability are
responsible for producing action potentials
pacemaker potential
82
Na+ channels and Ca2+ channels open
DEPOLARIZATION PHASE (CONTRACTION)
83
PISO
Potassium in, Sodium out
84
* Na+ channels close
* Some K+ channels open
* Ca2+ channels remain open
PLATEAU PHASE
85
This phase prolongs action potential by keeping Ca2+
channels open.
PLATEAU PHASE
86
* Na+ channels close
* K+ channels open
* Ca2+ channels close
REPOLARIZATION PHASE
87
The Contraction of atria and ventricles is caused by
cardiac muscle cells.
88
Where action potential originates
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
89
Node with Large number of Ca2+ channels
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
90
Location of SA Node
RA – right atrium
91
Normal Heart Rate
60-100 bpm
92
Record of electrical events in heart
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
93
Diagnoses cardiac abnormalities and Uses electrodes
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
94
Contains P wave, QRS Complex, T wave
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
95
COMPONENTS OF ECG/EKG
P Wave, QRS Complex, T Wave
96
Depolarization of Atria
P Wave
97
QRS Complex
Depolarization of ventricles
Contains Q, R, S waves
98
Represents the repolarization of atria
QRS Complex
99
Repolarization of ventricles
T Wave
100
primers for pumps
Atria
101
power pumps
Ventricles
102
the repetitive pumping action which includes contraction and relaxation.
Cardiac cycle
103
Contraction = Depolarization=?
Systole
104
Relaxation = Repolarization =?
Diastole
105
Heart Sounds
Lubb, dupp/dubb
106
Heart sounds are resulted from?
open & close valves
107
Murmurs are due to?
faulty valves
108
S1
Lubb = Tricuspid + Mitral (AV Valves)
109
S2
Dupp = Pulmonary + Aortic (Semilunar Valves)
110
volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction.
Stroke Volume
111
Ave. Stroke Volume
70 ml/beat
112
Number of heart beats in 1 min.
Heart Rate
113
Average bpm
72 beats/min
114
Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min
Cardiac Output
115
Ave. Cardiac Output
5 L/min
116
Cardiac Output Formula
CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
117
Cardiac Output is directly proportional to the?
Blood Pressure
118
Mechanisms contained within heart
INTRINSIC REGULATION
119
amt. of blood that returns to heart.
Venous Return
120
degree ventricular walls are stretched at end of diastole.
Preload
121
pressure against (resistance) which ventricles must pump blood.
After load
122
Afterload is dictated by?
blood vessels.
123
widening of the diameter of blood vessels
Vasodilation
124
narrowing of the diameter of blood vessels.
Vasoconstriction
125
Vasodilation = bp?
blood pressure lower
126
Vasoconstriction = bp?
blood pressure higher
127
Relationship between preload and stroke volume
Starlings Law of the Heart
128
Law that Influences cardiac output
Starlings Law of the Heart
129
Mechanisms external to heart
EXTRINSIC REGULATION
130
Nervous or chemical regulation
EXTRINSIC REGULATION
131
↓CO2 = ?pH
↑pH (alkaline / base)
132
↑CO2 = ?pH
↓pH (acidic)
133
BP Formula
BP = Cardiac Output × Total Peripheral Resistance
134
Best Pulse Location (Adult)
Carotid
135
Best Pulse Location (Infants)
Brachial
136
low pulse / heart rythms
Bradycardia
137
high pulse / heart rythms
Tachycardia
138
transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products
blood
139
transport processed molecules (proteins)
blood
140
responsible for regulation of pH and osmosis
blood
141
responsible for maintenance of body temperature
blood
142
responsible for protection against foreign substances
blood
143
form of osmotic pressure induced by the proteins
oncotic pressure
144
responsible for clot formation
platelets
145
blood makes up about ?% of total body weight
8%
146
pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other components, such as ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory
substances
plasma
147
plasma proteins
albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
148
plasma protein that maintain water balance; main
protein of body
albumin
149
plasma protein that helps immune system
globulins
150
plasma protein that aids in clot formation
fibrinogen
151
the process that produces formed elements.
Hematopoiesis
152
All the formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells called?
hematopoietic stem cells, or hemocytoblasts
153
hemocytoblasts produces what type of intermediate stem cells?
myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.
154
Most of the formed elements are derived from?
myeloid stem cells
155
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to?
lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell
156
What type of white blood cells are derived from myeloid stem cells?
Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocytes
157
What are derived from myeloid stem cells?
Red Blood Cell, Megakaryocyte (Platelet) ,Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocytes
158
RBC is also called?
Erythrocytes
159
disk-shaped with thick edges
Erythrocytes (RBC)
160
nucleus is lost during development
Erythrocytes (RBC)
161
transport oxygen to tissues
Erythrocytes (RBC)
162
700 times more numerous than white blood cells and 17 times more numerous than platelets
Erythrocytes (RBC)
163
Erythrocytes (RBC) life span in males
120 days
164
Erythrocytes (RBC) life span in females
110 days
165
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
166
erythropoiesis
formation of RBCs
167
responsible for the cell’s red color
Hemoglobin
168
heme
red-pigmented molecule
169
globin
protein chain
170
main component of erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
171
transports O2
Hemoglobin
172
each globin protein is attached to a?
Heme molecule
173
each team (hemoglobin) contains?
1 iron atom
174
O2 binds to?
Iron
175
hemoglobin with an O2 attached
oxyhemoglobin
176
about how many red blood cells are destroyed
every second
2.5 million/sec
177
Where in the formation of RBC is the nucleus extruded?
Late erythroblast
178
Not yet mature RBC / new RBC with no O2 content yet
reticulocyte
179
Decreased in blood oxygen is detected by?
Kidneys
180
Kidney will release what in response to decrease O2?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
181
Increased EPO will stimulate?
red blood cell production in the red bone marrow
182
The process of Red Blood cell production causes?
An increase in blood oxygen levels.
183
old RBC's are removed from blood by?
macrophages in spleen and liver
184
What happens to globin when hemoglobin is broken down?
broken down into amino acids
185
What happens to hemoglobin iron when hemoglobin is broken down?
recycled
186
heme is converted to what when hemoglobin is broken down?
bilirubin
187
yellow pigmented molecule
bilirubin
188
condition causing yellowish color to the skin
jaundice
189
bilirubin is taken up by liver and released into?
small intestine as part of bile
190
metabolizes fatty foods
bile
191
bile is stored in?
gallbladder
192
WBC is also called?
Leukocytes
193
buffy coat is formed by?
platelets, and WBCs
194
thin, white layer of cells between plasma and RBCs
buffy coat
195
Blood cells that lack hemoglobin
Leukocytes
196
Blood cells that are larger than erythrocytes
Leukocytes
197
Blood cells that contain a nucleus
Leukocytes
198
Blood cells that fight infections
Leukocytes
199
Blood cells that remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis
Leukocytes
200
Phagocytosis
Cell Eating
201
Pinocytosis
Cell-drinking
202
Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
203
Types of Leukocytes with granules
Granulocytes
204
Types of Leukocytes without granules
Agranulocytes
205
Types of Granulocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
206
Types of Agranulocytes
Monocytes, Lymphocytes
207
Neutrophils contain many nuclei therefore they are called?
polymorphonuclear cells
208
most common or abundant leukocytes
Neutrophils
209
Leukocytes that remain in blood for 10-12 hours
then move to tissues
Neutrophils
210
Neutrophils are?
phagocytes
211
Leukocytes that reduce inflammation
Eosinophils
212
Leukocytes that promotes inflammatory response
Basophils
213
least common leukocytes
Basophils
214
Basophils releases?
Histamine and Heparin
215
Histamine does what?
increase capillary permeability = vasodilation
216
Heparin does what?
acts as a natural anticoagulant; prevents too much clotting
217
Largest Leukocytes
Monocytes
218
Monocytes produces?
Macrophages
219
Monocytes evolve into?
Macrophages
220
Leukocytes for immune response
Lymphocytes
221
Types of Lymphocytes
T Cells and B Cells
222
Type of Lymphocytes that lead to the production of antibodies
B Cells
223
Platelets are also called?
Thrombocytes
224
cell fragments
Thrombocytes
225
blood clotting cells
Thrombocytes
226
Thrombocytes are produced where?
Red bone marrow from Megakaryocytes.
227
Blood that is lost must be replaced by?
production of new blood or by a transfusion.
228
temporary constriction of the blood vessels that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the blood vessel contracts
Vascular Spasm
229
accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in a blood vessel
Platelet Plug
230
blood can be transformed from a liquid to a gel
Blood Clotting (Coagulation)
231
network of threadlike protein fibers
fibrin
232
trapping of blood cells, platelets, and fluid
clot
233
clotting factors
o proteins in plasma
o only activated following injury
o made in liver
o require vitamin K
234
What happens when von Willebrand factor connects exposed collagen to platelets?
Platelet adhesion
235
What happens during the platelet release reaction?
ADP from thromboxane, and other chemicals are released and activate other platelets
236
What happens when fibrinogen receptors on activated platelets bind to fibrinogen, connecting the
platelets to one another
Platelet aggregation
237
Accumulation of massive platelets forms?
platelet plug
238
Prothrombinase converts
exposure to connective tissue
239
Thrombin converts
fibrinogen to fibrin (the clot)
240
prevent clots from forming
Anticoagulants
241
condensing of clot
Clot Retraction
242
serum in plasma is squeezed out of clot
Clot Retraction
243
helps enhance healing
Clot Retraction
244
process of dissolving clot
Fibrinolysis
245
When plasminogen breaks down clots.
Fibrinolysis
246
Plaminogen is?
a plasma protein
247
Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator convert
inactive plasminogen into plasmin
248
Plasmin breaks down the fibrin in a blood clot, resulting in?
clot fibrinolysis
249
the transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another
transfusion
250
the introduction of a fluid other than blood, such as a saline or glucose solution, into the blood
infusion
251
What can lead to a blood transfusion?
Injury or Surgery
252
clumping of blood cells (bad)
transfusion reactions/agglutination
253
molecules on surface of erythrocytes
antigen
254
proteins in plasma
antibodies
255
named accdg to antigen (ABO)
blood groups
256
Blood type with anti-body B
A
257
Blood type with anti-body A
B
258
Blood type with anti-bodies A & B
O
259
Blood type with neither anti-bodies A nor B
AB
260
Blood type with antigen A
A
261
Blood type with antigen B
B
262
Blood type with antigens A & B
AB
263
Blood type with neither antigens A nor B
O
264
carry blood
BLOOD VESSELS
265
site for exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues
BLOOD VESSELS
266
responsible for transporting substances
BLOOD VESSELS
267
help regulate blood pressure
BLOOD VESSELS
268
direct blood flow to the tissues
BLOOD VESSELS
269
carry blood away from the heart; usually, the blood is
oxygenated (oxygen-rich)
Arteries
270
BV that is thick with a lot of elastic
Arteries
271
BV that is thin with less elastic
Veins
272
carry blood toward heart
Veins
273
Where exchange occurs between blood and tissue fluids
Capillaries
274
blood flows from ___ into capillaries
arterioles
275
branch to form networks
Capillaries
276
smooth muscle cells that regulates blood flow in the capillaries
precapillary sphincters
277
Innermost layer of the BV Wall
Tunica Intima
278
Tunica Intima is composed of?
Simple Squamous
279
Middle layer of the BV Wall
Tunica media
280
Tunica media is composed of?
smooth muscle with elastic and collagen
281
Outermost layer of the BV Wall
Tunica adventitia
282
Tunica adventitia is composed of?
connective tissue
283
Type of artery that is largest in diameter
Elastic arteries
284
Type of artery that has the thickest walls
Elastic arteries
285
Example of elastic Arteries
Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk
286
Type of artery that is medium to small in size
Muscular arteries
287
Type of artery that is thick in diameter
Muscular arteries
288
Type of artery that contains smooth muscle cells
Muscular arteries
289
Type of artery that can control blood flow to body regions
Muscular arteries
290
Type of veins that collect blood from small veins and deliver it to large veins
Medium-sized veins
291
Type of veins that contain valves
Large veins
292
Type of veins where all three tunics are present
small veins
293
blood flows from capillaries to venules to?
small veins
294
enlarged veins due to weak vein walls and valves
varicose veins
295
Elevated BP
120-129 / <80
296
Stage 1 Hypertension
130-139 / 80-89
297
Stage 2 Hypertension
≥140 / ≥90
298
Hypertension Crisis
>180 / >120
299
System for Gas exchange
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
300
System for Voice production
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
301
System for Olfaction
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
302
System for Ventilation
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
303
System that involves Innate Immunity
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
304
System that helps the regulation of blood pH
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
305
TWO PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Upper and Lower
306
composed of mainly hyaline cartilage (flexible)
External Nose
307
hair fibers that filters the air in the nose
vibrissae
308
hair fibers that filters the air in the nose
vibrissae
