Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
describe the SA node
A
primary pacemaker of the heart (60-100)
2
Q
describe the AV node
A
secondary pacemaker of the heart (40-60)
3
Q
describe the role of the Bundle of HIS (AV bundle)
A
helps w left ventricular contraction; less than or equal to 20 bpm
4
Q
describe the role of the purkinje fibers
A
ventricular contraction; 15-40 bpm
5
Q
describe the single chamber conductor
A
electrical impulses to right ventricle
6
Q
describe the dual chamber conductor
A
electrical impulses to right atrium & ventricle to control contractions between these two chambers
7
Q
describe the biventricular conductor
A
(called cardiac resynchronization therapy; Stimulates right and left ventricles to help heart beat more efficiently.
(seen commonly for HF or abnormal electrical systems)
8
Q
what is cardiac output? what is the normal range?
A
Amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in liters / minute.
Normal = 4-6 L/min
9
Q
what is stroke volume? what is the normal range?
A
Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricles per heartbeat
Normal = 60-130 ml
10
Q
how to calculate cardiac output
A
stroke volume X HR
11
Q
what is preload?
A
ventricular stretch at the end of diastole
12
Q
what is afterload?
A
resistance to ejection
13
Q
describe the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
A
As preload increases, muscle stretch increases resulting in strong contractions and subsequent greater stroke volume
14
Q
which stretch receptors deal w orthostatic hypotension & correspond to BP?
A
baroreceptors
15
Q
list 4 causes of orthostatic hypotension
A
- dehydration
- heart problems
- endocrine problems
- NS disorders
16
Q
list 4 risk factors for orthostatic hypotension
A
- age
- meds
- diseases
- bed rest
17
Q
list 3 complications of orthostatic hypotension
A
- falls
- stroke
- CV diseases
18
Q
what is ejection fraction? what is the normal range?
A
end diastolic blood volume ejected w each heart beat (left ventricle)
normal: 55%-65%
19
Q
what can an ejection fraction be helpful in determining? which specific procedure is done?
A
HF (echo is done)
20
Q
how does the heart change as we age? (list 4)
A
- slower HR
- larger heart
- valves stiffen (unable to close properly)
- decreased compensation (unable to adapt to metabolic changes & postural changes)
21
Q
which 2 cardiac diseases could CP indicate?
A
coronary artery disease & MI
22
Q
which 4 pulmonary disorders could CP indicate?
A
pneumonia, PE, pulmonary HTN, asthma
23
Q
which 3 esophageal disorders could CP indicate?
A
GERD, peptic ulcers, Hiatal hernia
24
Q
which musculoskeletal / neuro disorder could CP indicate?
A
muscle strain / shingles
25
list 8 risk factors for developing any cardiovascular disease
1. smoking
2. HTN
3. physical inactivity
4. Hyperlipidemia
5. Overweight / obese
6. poor diet
7. alcoholism
8. diabetes
26
describe an electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG)
- what does it reveal & detect?
electrical activity of the heart; detects arrhythmias
12-lead for testing (10 electrodes)
accurate & quick
27
describe an echocardiogram
what is it & what does it assess?
- sound waves to produce images of the heart
- assess for heart conditions & ejection fraction for determination of stage of CHF
28
describe a cardiac stress test
what is it & what does it detect?
if heart is under stress when exercise induced; detects arrhythmias
29
what is a cardiac monitor?
what does it show?
bedside monitoring; shows full VS (except temp) & a 2-view of the heart
30
list & describe the 3 cardiac biomarkers
what is the goal value? (normal range)
1. CK: indication of an MI
2. CK-MB: detects an acute MI or other damage to the heart
3. Troponin; serial troponins / high-sensitivity: indication of MI or damage to the heart
goal value: 0.0-0.10
31
what does a BTNP cardiac biomarker detect?
list the normal levels & ranges for HF
detects HF & cardiac dysfunction
normal levels: <125 (0-74 y/o)
<450 (75-99 y/o)
if pt. has HF:
>450 (under 50 y/o)
>900 (50 y/o & older)
32
what does a lipid profile measure?
what is the normal level & normal triglyceride level?
measures cholesterol (normal: <200)
normal triglyceride level: <150
33
what is HF?
heart can no longer keep up w demands of your body
34
when kidneys do not get what they want, what do they initiate? how does this deal w HF?
the RAS system; vasoconstriction (vessels get stronger) & aldosterone increase reabsorption of water & blood volume leading to blood congestion
35
what is a symptom of blood congestion?
lots of coughing; trying to clear out fluid
36
what is the most common cause of right sided HF?
left sided HF
37
list 8 causes of left sided HF (star which one is most common)
1. **CAD (vessels of heart become damaged)**
2. MI
3. valvular problems
4. renal failure
5. HTN
6. cardiomyopathy
7. diabetes
8. sleep apnea
38
list 5 causes of right sided HF (star which one is most common)
1. **left-sided HF**
2. valvular problems (Tricuspid)
3. HTN; pulmonary HTN
4. CAD
5. lung disease
39
list 5 s/sx of how a client would present w HF
1. SOB / activity intolerance (lungs having a difficult time exchanging O2)
2. CP
3. crackles in lungs; cough; progressing to respiratory distress (from fluid in lungs)
4. peripheral edema; pitting edema (gravity) to lower extremities
5. palpitations / arrhythmias (A. fibb)
40
list & describe 6 labs / diagnostics for HF & what they detect (star important ones)
1. **BNP: beta nateric peptide (should be <300)**
2. CBC: standard to look at kidney function
3. **chest x-ray: can detect wall thickening leading to a cardiac meropathy**
4. CT scan: looks at blood vessels in the heart (do not eat or drink anything day of exam!!) check for shellfish or iodine allergy
5. **Echocardiogram (ECHO): noninvasive, warm jelly on chest, ultrasound, can show heart valves & regurgitation**
6. Electrocardiogram (EKG)
41
how does an ACE-I help w HF? list an example med
what is a common side effect?
blocks vasoconstriction & extra fluid; Lisinopril (dry cough is a common AE)
42
how do beta blocker meds help w HF? list an example med
decrease HR & create a better force of contraction; Metoprolol
43
how do diuretics help w HF? list an example med
decrease fluid overload; Furosemide (look at K+ levels before giving)
44
how do anticoagulants help w HF? give an example med
because A fib creates blood clots!
warfarin
45
how do antiarrhythmics help w HF? give an example med
decrease HR & prevent arrthymias!
Metoprolol
46
list an example med of a cardiac glycoside used to tx HF
digoxin
47
list an acute intervention for a pt. w HF; how does this help?
Bipap: forces oxygen down & opens airways so the patient can breathe
48
list 2 complications of HF
1. flash pulmonary edema
2. death
49
list 13 nursing care / considerations for a pt. w HF
1. group activities
2. elevate HOB
3. daily weights
4. supplemental O2 (<93%)
5. reduce Na in diet
6. stop smoking / drinking
7. doctor-guided exercise; weight loss
8. medication compliance
9. restrict fluids (still need to drink though)
10. control DM
11. repair valves
12. treat sleep apnea
13. pneumonia / flu vaccinations
50
what is a HF diet?
low Na+ fat
51
describe the physiology of CV disease (9)
1. arterial damage
2. cholesterol / fats / lipids infiltrate
3. atheroma
4. block / narrow arterial wall
5. plaque rupture
6. blood clot / cholesterol embolus
7. blockage of coronary vessels (MI)
8. blockage of cerebral vessels (CVA)
9. permanent damage (Atherosclerosis)
52
list 7 causes of CAD
1. hyperlipidemia
2. HTN: damages coronary arteries & allows plaque & lipids to collect
3. Smoking
4. DM: microvascular & macrovascular disease
5. sedentary lifestyle; obesity
6. Genetic predisposition
7. metabolic syndrome: high blood glucose, big waist, high BP, low blood high density lipopoien, high blood triclycerides (if pt. has 3 or more of these symptoms)
53
list 3 s/sx a client w CAD will present with
1. Angina
2. Activity intolerance
3. Myocardial infarction
54
how is stable angina described relating to CAD?
very predictable
55
how is unstable angina described relating to CAD?
not predictable; blockage getting worse
56
what is intractable / refractory angina indicate?
MI; get to hospital immediately!
57
what are variant / prinzemtals angina caused by?
vasospasms
58
describe silent ischemia angina
inverted T waves found on EKG (unknown heart attack)
59
list 5 s/sx found to indicate an MI
1. back / shoulder / jaw / left or right arm pain
2. N/V indigestion
3. general malaise / SOB / dizzy
4. diaphoresis
5. CP
60
list & describe 7 labs / diagnostics used for CAD
1. CBC, BMP
2. troponin (serial / high sensitivity): released by the heart everytime there is an insult or injury
3. D-Dimer: detects blood clots; if +, CT scan must be done
4. EKG: tells if & where a pt. is having a heart attack
5. echo
6. stress test: IV or walking on treadmill
7. coronary angiogram: part of the cardiac catheterization (places dye in heart to show where blockage is)
61
how do statins help w CAD? list an example med
helps control of cholesterol, circulating lipids
EX: atorvastatin
62
how does aspirin help w CAD?
thins the blood; reduces risk of blood clots from forming
63
how do beta blockers help w CAD? list an example med
lowers HR; metoprolol
64
how do calcium channel blockers help w CAD? list an example med
vasodilate to improve blood flow; diltiazem
65
how does nitroglycerin help w CAD?
what route is it given in? what should you educate your pt. on?
how often should it be given?
tx for angina, potent vasodilator! reduces preload
- given sublingual
- educate pt. to expect HA & burning
- given once every 5 min. (HR & BP must be checked prior to admin)
66
how do ACE-I's help w CAD? give an example med
prevents vasoconstriction
EX: lisinopril
67
list 6 acute interventions for CAD acute care
1. line / labs
2. EKG
3. nitro / baby aspirin 324 mg: take at home if pt. thinks they're having an MI / Heparin
4. chest x-ray: shows enlarged heart if they have a MI
5. cardiac monitor
6. possible cardiac catheterization
68
list 6 complications of CAD
1. MI
2. NSTEMI & STEMI
3. HF
4. arrhythmias
5. CVA
6. death
69
describe the difference between an NSTEMI & STEMI
NSTEMI: non ST elevation myocardial infarction; ST depression seen (patients have mini strokes)
STEMI: ST elevated myocardial infarction
70
describe the difference between a Hemorrhagic & Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic: rupture of blood vessels; leakage of blood
Ischemic: blockage of blood vessels; lack of blood flow to affected area
71
list 5 nursing care / considerations for CAD
1. quit smoking
2. medication compliance (HTN, hyperlipidemia, DM)
3. monitor diet (low fat & Na)
4. monitor weight
5. reduce stress
72
describe what happens in a valvular disorder
valve balloons into left atria & no longer seals properly (mitral valve regurgitation / aortic valve regurgitation)
73
list 3 s/sx of how a client will present in the beginning of a valvular disorder
1. asymptomatic
2. arrhythmia
3. dizzy / lightheaded
74
list 3 s/sx of how a client will present later on (worse) of a valvular disorder
1. SOB / dyspnea
2. fatigue
3. hemoptysis
75
what is a Corrigan pulse? what does it indicate?
(water hammers pulse) indicates aortic regurgitation
76
what can a heart murmur indicate? what does it sound like?
can indicate a valvular disorder; swish sound
77
list 6 causes of valvular disorders
1. weakened papillary muscles / chordae tendinea: help to close & open heart valves
2. viral / bacterial infections: strep throat can cause damage to heart valves if untreated (bad oral care can cause damage to the heart as well)
3. CAD
4. autoimmune disorders: Ra (rheumatoid arthritis)
5. Congenital malformations
6. age related changes
78
list 7 labs / diagnostics used for valvular disorders
1. BNP
2. CBC, BMP
3. Echo
4. EKG
5. Stress test
6. coronary angiogram
7. strep culture
79
list 5 meds used for valvular disorders
1. beta blockers (metoprolol)
2. diuretics (furosemide)
3. ACE-I (lisinopril)
4. blood thinners (ASA, warfarin)
5. antiarrhythmics (Sotalol, amiodarone, flecainide)
80
what are surgical interventions for valvular disorders?
valve replacement
81
what are surgical interventions for valvular disorders?
valve replacement
82
which procedure is used for valve repair?
ROSS procedure
83
what type of valve is replaced in younger patients? why? which med must these patients be on & why?
mechanical valve; they last longer! patients must be on warfarin to prevent blood clots around the device (must have INR checked)
84
which type of valve is used on older patients? where does it come from? should they be on a med?
tissue valve; biological valve from a pig or cow; only need warfarin to a certain amount rather than continuous
85
what kind of sound does a mechanical valve make?
clicking sound
86
how long does a bioprosthetic valve typically last? what med & how much is possibly given?
<60 = 5-10 years; >70 = 15-20 years
possible daily ASA of 81 mg
87
what does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affect? due to what 4 things?
diastolic function
due to:
1. thickened wall (ventricular wall)
2. decreased filling
3. reduced cardiac output
4. CHF
88
what does dilated cardiomyopathy affect? due to what 4 things?
affects systolic function (contractility of the heart)
due to:
1. large ventricle
2. decreased contraction
3. reduced cardiac output
4. CHF
89
restricted cardiomyopathy
rare - seen in athletes
90
list 10 causes of a fib (star most common cause)
1. **heart abnormalities or heart damage**
2. CAD / MI
3. metabolic imbalance
4. stimulants
5. lung diseases
6. viral infections
7. sleep apnea
8. sick sinus syndrome
9. can be idiopathic
91
what is happening in atrial fibrillation? list 5 other things that happen
heart beating irregularly; chaos in atria (ectopy; ectopic)
1. atria quiver
2. fewer impulses to ventricle
3. poor cardiac output
4. agitation leads to clots
5. stroke & HF
92
what loses control in a fib? what happens?
SA node loses control; cardiac cell initiates a beat over the SA node
93
a fib is also known as absence of which wave?
the P wave (most common irregular heart beat)
94
list 8 s/sx of how a client will present w A fib (star the most common ones)
1. **heart palpitations: racing heart, fish flopping; butterflies**
2. SOB
3. **reduced cardiac output**
4. weakness / fatigue / activity intolerance
5. intermittent or continuous
6. confusion
7. CP
8. anxiety
95
list the 7 labs / diagnostics for a fib
1. Holter monitor: continuous EKG of the heart; worn for 3 days (dropped off at cardiologist)
2. Coag's: check INR (2-3 to be therapeutic)
3. CBC, BMP
4. Troponin: shows if the heart has been damaged or if there has been a heart attack
5. BNP (if concern)
6. chest x-ray
7. echo
96
what is the overall goal for a fib meds?
rhythm control
97
list the 4 meds for tx of a fib (list examples)
1. Anticoagulants: warfarin, clopidogrel
2. Antiarrythmics: Amiodarone, flecainide, sotalol
3. Beta-blockers: metoprolol, propranolol, atenolol
4. Calcium channel blockers: diltiazem, verapamil
98
how do calcium channel blockers specifically work for tx of a fib?
slows conduction between the SA node & AV node
99
what is an acute intervention for a fib?
A. Fibb w RVR (rapid ventricular rate)
heart monitor?
100
list 2 surgical interventions for a fib
1. catheter ablation
2. maze procedure
101
what is extremely important to do w a heart rate monitor?
synch it! syncing peak at QRS will get to a normal rhythm - if not synced, you can kill the patient!!!
102
list 7 nursing care / considerations for a fib
1. triggers
2. OTC cough medicine / caffeine (stimulants)
3. sleep deprivation / physical illness
4. emotional stress
5. dehydration
6. hormones (menstrual cycle females)
7. smoking
103
what is considered the "silent killer" and what most people don't know that they have?
hypertension
104
list 8 causes of hypertension (indicate primary & secondary causes)
1. primary (idiopathic) - unknown cause
2. secondary (renal diseases due to blood volume increasing)
3. dyslipidemia
4. obesity / sedentary lifestyle
5. DM
6. OSA, HF, CAD, SCA
7. medications
8. illegal drugs
105
list 2 s/sx of hypertension that a client will present with (star most common)
1. **asymptomatic ("silent killer")**
2. headaches? nosebleeds?
106
list 2 complications of HTN
1. CVA
2. MI
107
what is the main nonpharmacalogic tx for HTN?
lifestyle changes - healthy diet & exercise!
108
list 6 meds & examples for tx of HTN
1. thiasize diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide)
controls fluid volume & pressure exerted on arterial wall
2. ACE-I (lisinopril)
3. ARBs (Losartan) usually given if patients have a cough
4. calcium channel blockers (amlodipine, diltiazem)
5. beta blockers (metoprolol) decrease HR
6. combo meds (antillipidemic)
- Losartan & HCTZ
- one med for compliance
109
which 2 med classes should NEVER be combined for tx of HTN?
ACE's & ARBs!!!
110
list 4 nursing care / considerations for HTN
1. prevention
2. diet & exercise
3. monitor BP at home (same time everyday, not multiple times, AHA recommends against wrist cuffs - need brachial artery!)
4. Medication compliance (side effects? try another)
111
what type of blood do arteries carry & in which direction?
oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart (aorta to body)
112
what type of blood do veins carry & in which direction?
deoxygenated blood BACK to the heart (returns via the inferior & superior vena cava)
113
what 3 roles does the lymphatic system have?
1. fluid / waste removal
2. absorption of fatty acids & fats to circulatory system
3. produce immune cells (lymphocytes, monocytes, plasma cells (make antibodies)
114
what are vascular disorders?
disorder of natural flow of blood
115
list the 2 arterial disorders
1. Raynaud's
2. Intermittent Claudication
116
if you have peripheral artery disease, you must also have ___
CAD
117
list 5 risk factors for arterial disorders
1. smoking
2. DM
3. stress
4. HTN
5. hyperlipidemia
118
what is the venous disorder called?
chronic venous insufficiency
119
describe the color of a patient's skin w an arterial disorder
red
120
describe the color of a patient's skin w a venous disorder
rutty, purply browny coloring (increase pressure of fluid overload breaking tiny capillaries causing bleeding & bruising)
121
what is the cause of PAD?
atherosclerosis (plaquey buildup in lower leg)
122
describe the physiology of intermittent claudication - which 3 things are occurring?
1. narrowing of arteries feeding leg
2. reduce blood flow to leg
3. ischemia = limb necrosis
123
list 5 s/sx of how a client will present w intermittent claudication
1. intermittent leg pain (increased w exercise or walking)
2. erythema to legs / feet (inflammation to open up arteries of the legs)
3. wounds (difficult to heal)
4. progressing to pain at rest
5. cool skin
124
list 4 labs / diagnostics for intermittent claudication
1. CBC, BMP, D-dimer
2. CT / MRI
3. vascular ultrasound
4. Angiography (looks at blood vessels to show where there is reduced blood flow)
125
list 2 acute interventions for intermittent claudication
1. rest legs (dependent position)
2. warm compressions (vasodilate)
126
list 2 surgical interventions for PAD intermittent claudication
1. Angioplasty
2. vascular surgery (bypass)
127
list 3 complications of intermittent claudication
1. limb ischemia
2. pain at rest & walking
3. hard to heal ulcers (DRY) - key to intermittent claudication (bad eating away at foot)
128
which type's of patients feet should always be inspected? why?
Diabetic patients! make sure they are always wearing shoes (nerves on their feet are damaged)
129
list 7 nursing care / considerations for intermittent claudication
1. frequent breaks
2. dependent position
3. warm compresses
4. inspect & protect legs / feet
5. medication compliance
6. control DM
7. if in bed = sit upright & dangle
**same prevention as CAD (healthy diet, exercise, meds, watch BP)
130
list 4 causes of Raynaud's disease
1. cold
2. stress
3. smoking
4. idiopathic
131
what is happening in Raynaud's disease?
smaller arteries to skin = narrow
limits blood flow via vasospasm
132
list 2 s/sx of how a client will present w Raynaud's disease
1. N/T in fingers or toes
2. skin pale / blue / reddened
133
list 2 meds & examples for tx of Raynaud's disease
1. calcium channel blockers (Amlodipine)
2. Vasodilators (Nitro)
134
list 6 nursing care / considerations for Raynaud's disease
1. gradual warming
2. pain relievers / CCBs
3. avoid cold temps
4. quit smoking
5. avoid emotional stress
6. wounds
135
which 2 things are used for DVT & PE prevention?
1. Heparin SQ (5,000 units)
2. Enoxaprin SQ (weight based)
136
list 4 causes of VTE
1. Virchow's triad: endothelial damage, venous stasis, altered coagulation
2. immobility
3. major surgery / injury
4. pregnancy: increases blood volume (clots can form)
137
list 4 things that happen in VTE
1. asymptomatic
2. redness possible to calf
3. tenderness / pain
4. edema
138
list 3 labs / diagnostics for VTE
1. CBC, BMP
2. D-dimer: detects blood clots
3. Venous doppler US: noninvasive, warm jelly; detects blood clots
139
which med class is used to tx VTE? give examples of meds
anticoagulants (Apaxiban, enoxaparin)
140
list 2 acute interventions for VTE
1. TPA ONLY if PE (life threatening)
2. Thrombectomy (vena cava filter... collects clot fragments (causes scarring)
141
list 3 complications of VTE
1. PE
2. CVA
3. post thrombotic syndrome - can cause a vericose vein
142
what is chronic venous insufficiency? (CVI)
too much fluid in lower legs & struggles to get back into the heart
143
list 10 nursing care / considerations for VTE
1. watchful waiting
2. anticoagulants
3. early ambulation
4. SCD's / ted / enoxaparin / heparin (VTE prophylaxis)
5. stay active (lifestyle changes)
6. discuss risks of birth control
7. discuss HTN meds & treatment
8. discuss symptoms of PE
9. post thrombotic syndrome (PTS)
10. follow up for US to monitor
144
list 7 causes of CVI (star most common)
1. **varicose veins: veins get too stretched out causing valve insufficiency preventing the backflow of blood)**
2. age
3. extended sitting or standing
4. reduced mobility
5. PTS
6. smoking (causes vasoconstriction & damage to veins)
7. trauma to leg
145
list 6 things that are happening w CVI
1. venous vales incompetent
2. stretching = improper closing of valves
3. pooling of blood in veins
4. increased pressure = increased stretch
5. capillaries rupture (red/brown/purple skin)
6. tissue swelling / inflammation
146
list 6 s/sx of how a client w CVI will present
1. swelling to lower extremities
2. arching / fatigue in legs
3. varicose veins
4. change in color of legs
5. flaking / itchy skin
6. venous status ulcers (WET)
147
list 5 labs / diagnostics for CVI
1. CBC, BMP
2. D-Dimer
3. vascular US
4. CT
5. X-ray
148
which meds are used to tx CVI?
antibiotics (if infection present)
149
list 2 complications of CVI
1. cellulitis (infection of the skin tissue)
2. difficult to heal ulcers
150
list 10 nursing care / considerations for CVI
1. support hose; sit breaks
2. avoid prolong sitting / standing
3. catch early!
4. surgical options
5. elevate legs when sitting
6. exercise
7. good hygiene - take care of legs
8. wound care
9. quit smoking
10. Hyperbaric therapy (HBO) - collects new blood vessels, time intensive
151
list the main cause of lymphedema
removal / damage of lymph node; happens typically w cancer treatment
152
list 4 things that are happening in Lymphedema
1. swelling unilateral or bilateral
2. lymph system blocked
3. lack of drainage
4. tissue swelling / edema
153
list 7 s/sx of how a client will present w lymphedema (star important one)
1. swelling in one or both arm / leg
2. heaviness / tightness in affected
3. decreased ROM
4. aching
5. infections
6. **fibrosis (late finding)**
7. stages
154
list 2 labs / diagnostics for lymphedema
1. CT scan
2. Doppler US
155
what are meds that can tx lymphedema?
antibiotics (for infection)
- no preventative meds! can't do much at this point
156
list 3 treatments for lymphedema (star important one)
1. **compression**
2. decongestive therapy (1st two stages) - manual machine
3. surgery (as stages progress) - helps relieve fluid & pressure (may cause more damage than good) - very rare that it works
157
what is a complication of Lymphedema?
cellulitis
158
list 10 nursing care / considerations for lymphedema (star important one)
1. protect from injury
2. after CA treatment care
3. avoid ice / heat
4. elevate
5. avoid tight fitting clothes
6. exercise!
7. **compression dressing**
8. massage
9. wound care for ulcerations
10. CDT
159
list 5 causes of cellulitis
1. injury
2. skin conditions (eczema for ex)
3. lymphedema
4. animal bites (cat scratches)
5. immunocompromised
160
list 3 things that are happening in cellulitis
1. infection in tissue
2. spreading through blood / lymph
3. can be life-threatening; Sepsis
161
list 4 s/sx of how client will present w cellulitis
1. redness & swelling (continuous pattern)
2. pain & tenderness
3. warmth
4. progress to S & S of infection
162
list 4 labs / diagnostics for cellulitis
1. CBC, BMP
2. blood cultures (caused by bacteria)
3. outline w marker (line around area of redness)
4. CT (see depth of it)
163
list 3 meds that can tx cellulitis; what form of admin?
antibiotics:
1. vanc
2. penicillin
3. **Clindamycin (primary for outpatient)**
**oral first, no response through IV** dependent on severity!
164
list 3 complications of cellulitis
1. Sepsis
2. Lymphedema
3. necrotizing Fasciltis (eating skin away)
165
list 10 nursing care / considerations for cellulitis
1. proper wound care (clean, dry, protected)
2. protect skin
3. DM special care (more prone to cellular infections)
4. treat skin infections
5. if redness exceeds line, go to ED!
6. elevate (helps blood flow back to the heart)
7. cool damp cloth
8. take entire course of antibiotics
9. analgesics
10. protect area!
