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ICU nursing > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Bachmann bundle

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2
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Left bundle branch

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3
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Left anterior fasicle

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4
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Left posterior fasicle

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5
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Purkinje fibers

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6
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Right bundle branch

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7
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Bundle of His

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8
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Atrioventricular node

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9
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node

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10
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

When sodium rushes inside the cell, making the cell positively charged, and causes contraction of the cell

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11
Q

What is repolarisation?

A

When a cell returns to its resting negative state after the sodium is released from inside the cell

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12
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Pericardium

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13
Q

What does sound 1 represent

A

Tricuspid and mitral valve snap shut after blood enters the ventricles

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14
Q

What does sound 2 represent

A

Pulmonic and aortic valves snap shut

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15
Q

What is heart systole

A

Between S1 and S2 when blood is pumped to the whole body

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16
Q

Which artery is this?

A

Left coronary artery

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17
Q

Which artery is this?

A

Circumflex artery

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18
Q

Which artery is this?

A

Left anterior descending artery

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19
Q

Which artery is this?

A

Right coronary artery

20
Q

What determines cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Heart rate x stroke volume

21
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

In the carotid sinuses

22
Q

What is blood pressure determined by?

A

△P = Q x R
Q - flow
R - resistance

Flow/ cardiac output = HR x SV

23
Q

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?

A

The Frank-Starling mechanism is a physiological principle that explains how the heart responds to changes in venous return.

Increases in venous return cause the heart’s chambers to fill with more blood, which then causes the heart to stretch and contract more forcefully, and pump more blood out to the rest of the body.

24
Q

What affects MVO2?

A

Supply
- O2 carrying capacity
- coronary blood flow (vascular resistance)

Demand
- systolic wall tension
- contractility
- heart rate

25
Q

Describe the RAAS process

A

Decrease in BP and fluid volume recognised by baroreceptors

Liver releases angiotensinogen

Kidney releases renin

Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

ACE released from lungs
ACE converts angiotensin I to II

Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone and also acts as a vasoconstricter

Aldosterone acts on kidneys to reabsorb salt and water.

26
Q

Mechanism, indications and side effects for beta blockers?

A

Slow heart rate and vasodilate.

Indications: Angina, heart failure, hypertension, tachycardia

Side effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmias

27
Q

Mechanism, indications and side effects for nitrates?

A

Vasodilation improves coronary artery supply

Indications: angina caused by heart disease

Side effects: dizziness, headache, flushing

28
Q

Mechanism, indications and side effects for ACE inhibitors?

A

Prevents RAAS process for vasoconstriction.

Indications: hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, CKD

Side effects: dry cough, hyperkalemia, hypotension, headache

29
Q

Mechanism, indications and side effects for calcium channel blockers?

A

Block calcium channels to reduce contractions in cardiac and vascular smooth muscles

Improves oxygen delivery to heart by reducing demand and increasing supply (relaxes coronary arteries)

Indications: cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, angina

Side effects: headache, dizziness, flushes, peripheral oedema, hypotension

AVOID grapefruit

30
Q

What does chronotropy refer to?

A

Relating to heart rate

31
Q

What does inotropy refer to?

A

Relating to heart contractility

32
Q

What is cardiac preload?

A

The amount of stretch exerted on the walls of the ventricle at the end of diastole

Degree of stretch at end-diastole determines the force of contraction

33
Q

Factors that influence preload?

A

Circulating blood volume
Central venous return (think of factors influencing blood pressure)
Regurgitant heart valves
Atrial systole “booster pump”

34
Q

What changes occur in increased and decreased preload?

A

Increased:
Increase SV / CO
Increase ventricular work
Increase MVO2

Decreased:
Decrease SV / CO
Decrease ventricular work
Decrease MVO2

35
Q

What is cardiac afterload?

A

Defined as ventricular wall stress
The force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood

36
Q

Factors that influence afterload?

A

Vascular resistance/vasoconstriction
Hypertension
Stenotic valves
Volume of blood ejected
Viscosity of blood

37
Q

Factors that increase afterload?

A

Hypertension
Hypothermia
Aortic stenosis
Haemoconcentration

38
Q

Factors that decrease afterload?

A

Vasodilators
Septic shock
Neurogenic shock
Anaphylactic shock
Haemodilition

39
Q

Implications of increased/decreased afterload?

A

Increased:
Increase workload
Increase MVO2
Decrease SV / CO
Increase preload

Decreased:
Decrease workload
Decrease MVO2
Increase SV / CO
Decrease preload

40
Q

What is the biggest factor that coronary perfusion dependent on?

A

Diastolic blood pressure - arteries dilated, more flow

41
Q

2 main factors that influence MAP?

A

CO + systemic vascular resistance

42
Q

Difference between B1 and B2 receptors?

A

B1:
Increases HR
Increases contractility
Increases speed conduction

B2:
Vasodilation of arteries and veins

43
Q

What are a1 receptors responsible for?

A

Vasoconstriction of arteries - increases SVR and BP
Vasoconstriction of veins - increases venous return and preload

44
Q

What is vagal stimulation associated with?

A

Decrease in heart rate

45
Q

What should SBP be at least if you can palpate radial, femoral and carotid?

A

Radial - 80
Femoral - 70
Carotid - 60

46
Q

What is lusitropy

A

Rate of myocyte relaxation

47
Q

What is dromotropy

A

Conduction of impulse (velocity)

ICU nursing (10 decks)

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