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PE paper 1 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1.1b content

1
Q

State and describe the 2 circuits within the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Pulmonary circuit - connects the heart and the lungs
  2. Systemic circuit - connects the heart and muscles / body tissues
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2
Q

State the 5 structures within the conduction system and describe what they do

A
  1. SA node - generates electrical impulse causing atria walls to contract. Also known as the pacemaker + determines HR
  2. AV node - collects impulse and delays it by 0.1 seconds to allow the atria to finish contracting
  3. Bundle of his - located in the septum, splits impulse into 2 ready to be distributed into ventricles
  4. Bundle branches - carries impulse to the base of the ventricles
  5. Purkinje fibres - distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls causing them to contract
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3
Q

State the 2 stages of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Diastole (relaxation) -
  • relaxation of the atria and ventricles means lower pressure within the heart
  • blood passively flows through atria and ventricles
  • AV valves are open allowing blood to move freely from the atria to ventricles
  • semilunar valves are closed at this time
  1. Systole (contraction)

2.1 - atrial systole

  • atria contact forcing blood into the ventricles

2.2 - ventricular systole

  • ventricles contract
  • AV valves close
  • semilunar valves open
  • blood is pushed out of the ventricles and into the large arteries leaving the heart
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4
Q

Define heart rate + state the typical resting value

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute (72 bpm)

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5
Q

Define stroke volume and state the typical resting value

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat (70 ml)

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6
Q

Define cardiac output and state the typical resting value

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute ( 5 l/min)

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7
Q

Define bradycardia and define the typical resting value

A

A resting heart rate below 60 bmp (<60 bpm)

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8
Q

How do you work out resting heart rate?

A

Calculated by subtracting your age from 220

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9
Q

Describe HR response to sub-maximal exercise

A
  1. Anticipatory rise occurs before exercise has began
  2. Rapid increase
  3. Steady state
  4. Rapid decrease post exercise
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10
Q

Describe HR response to maximal (anaerobic) exercise

A
  1. Anticipatory rise pre exercise
  2. Rapid increase
  3. Slower increase
  4. Rapid decrease post exercise
  5. Follows by slower decrease
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11
Q

Describe HR response to fluctuating intensities of exercise

A
  1. Anticipatory rise pre exercise
  2. During periods of work HR increases
  3. During periods of rest HR decreases
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12
Q

Describe stroke volume response to exercise and state the 2 reasons for it being able to increase

A

SV increases in proportion to exercise intensity until a plateau is reached.

  1. Increased venous return
  2. The frank-starling mechanism (increased venous return leads to increase SV due to an increased stretch of ventricular walls and therefore force of contraction)
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13
Q

Describe cardiac output response to exercise

A

CO increases in line with exercise intensity and plateaus during maximal exercise

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14
Q

Describe HR, SV + CO in recovery

A
  • SV is maintained during the early stages of recovery
  • HR rapidly reduces
  • this maintains blood flow and the removal of waste products while lowering the stress and work load on the cardiac muscle
  • CO sees a rapid decrease followed by a slower decrease to resting levels
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15
Q

What centre is responsible for the regulation of heart rate during exercise. State the 2 systems within this centre

A
  1. The cardiac control centre (controlled by the automatic nervous system and determines the firing of the SA node)
  2. The sympathetic nervous system = increases HR (via the accelerator nerve)
  3. Parasympathetic nervous system = decreases HR (via the vagus nerve)
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16
Q

State and define the the 3 types of neural control

A
  1. Proprioceptors - in muscles, tendons and joints and inform the CCC that movement has increase
  2. Chemoreceptors - located in arteries and detect a decrease in blood pH due to an increase in lactic acid and CO2
  3. Barorecptors = located in blood vessel walls and inform the CCC of increased blood pressure
17
Q

State and Define the 2 types of intrinsic control

A
  1. Temperature - changes in temp will affect blood viscosity and the speed of nerve impulse transmission
  2. Venous return - changes will affect the stretch of ventricle walls, force of contraction and therefore SV
18
Q

State and define one type of hormonal control

A
  1. Adrenaline and noradrenaline - these are released from adrenal glands and increase SV + HR
19
Q

State and describe the 3 types of blood vessels

A
  1. Arteries and arterioles -
  • carry oxygenated blood from the heart to muscles and organs
  • carry blood at high pressure
  • large layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue which can vasoconstrict + vasodilate
  1. Capillaries
  • walls are one cell thick
  • where gaseous exchange takes place
  1. Veins
  • carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
  • contain blood under low pressure
  • one-way pocket valves to prevent the back flow of blood
  • small layer of smooth muscle allowing them to vasodilate + venoconstrict
20
Q

State and define the venous return mechanisms

A
  1. Pocket valves = located within veins to prevent the backdrop of blood
  2. Smooth muscle = vasoconstricts helping push blood back to the heart
  3. Gravity = blood from above the heart is aided back by gravity
  4. Muscle pump = veins situated between muscles squeeze helping push blood back to the heart
  5. Respiratory pump = helps return blood in the thoracic cavity and abdomen back to the heart (due to an increase in inspiration and expiration at exercise)
21
Q

Describe the vascular shunt mechanism and how blood distributed around the body during rest and exercise

A
  1. The redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases the flow of blood to the skeletal muscles
  2. Vasoconstriction - decreases blood flow
  3. Vasodilation - increases blood flow

At rest -

  • more blood to organs less blood to muscles

During exercise -

  • more blood to working muscles less blood to organs
22
Q

State what the vasomotor control centre (VCC) controls and where it receives information from

A
  1. Alters the level of stimulation sent to the arterioles and pre capillary sphincters at different sites in the body, thus allowing vascular shunt mechanism

Receives info from -

  • chemoreceptors (chemical changes)
    -baroreceptors (pressure changes)

PE paper 1 (10 decks)

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