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INTERNAL MED FINAL > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

Which type of prevention involves risk factor reduction targeted towards entire population (especially children) through social & environment conditions?

A

Primordial

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2
Q

Which type of prevention reduces chances of first adverse CV event in patients w/ no clinical apparent CVD?

A

Primary

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3
Q

What are some of the cardinal symptoms of cardiac disease?

A
  • Chest, neck, or arm pain/discomfort
  • Angina
  • Palpitations
  • Dyspnea
  • Syncope (fainting)
  • Fatigue
  • Cough
  • Cyanosis
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4
Q

____________ & leg pain (claudication) are the most common symptoms of vascular component of CV pathologic conditions.

A

Edema

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5
Q

What are the biomarkers of CVD?

A
  • BP
  • Premature ventricular contraction
  • LDL-C
  • CRP
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6
Q

CVD, especially ___________ ____________, is the most common cause of hospitalization & death in older adults (80%).

A

Coronary atherosclerosis

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7
Q

What are these changes in aging associated w/?

A
  • Reduction in # of myocytes & cells in conduction tissue
  • Cardiac fibrosis
  • Reduction in calcium transport
  • Lower capillary density
  • Decreases in intracellular response to B-adrenergic stimulation
  • Impaired autonomic reflex control of HR
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8
Q

Increased ____________ & calcium & progressive deterioration of arterial media combines w/ atherosclerotic plaque formation results in stiff walls & narrowed lumen.

A

Collagen

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9
Q

T/F: w/ aging, the aorta becomes shorter.

A

F (dilated & elongated)

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10
Q

What type of vessels do calcium deposition & changes in amt of & loss of elasticity in elastin & collagen most often affect?

A

Larger & medium-sized

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11
Q

T/F: females have smaller hearts than males.

A

T

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12
Q

Which sex has greater risk of mitral valve prolapse, fatal arrhythmias from cardiac & psychotropic medications, & bleeding episodes from thrombolytic agents?

A

Female

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13
Q

During exercise w/ aging, what declines?

A
  • Max oxygen uptake
  • HR
  • Max cardiac output
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14
Q

List the 5 components that are used to diagnose metabolic syndrome (3 out of 5).

A
  • Elevated waist circumference (40 in for men & 35 in for women)
  • Reduced HDL (less than 40 in men, less than 50 in women)
  • Increased BP of 130/85
  • Elevated fasting blood glucose level of 100 mg/dL
  • Elevated serum triglyceride levels of 150 mg/dL
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15
Q

What is the optimal level of total cholesterol?

A

~ 150 mg/dL

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16
Q

What is the optimal level of LDL-C?

A

~ 100 mg/dL

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17
Q

What is considered elevated BP?

A

120-129 and <80

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18
Q

What is considered stage 1 HTN?

A

130-139 or 80-89

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19
Q

What is considered stage 2 HTN?

A

> = 140 or >= 90

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20
Q

What are the terms for disorder of myocardium owing to insufficient blood supply?

A
  • Ischemic heart disease
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Coronary heart disease
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21
Q

What is the term for a group of diseases characterized by thickening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls, often referred to as hardening of arteries?

A

Arteriosclerosis

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22
Q

Atherosclerosis is when athero mas (plaques of fatty deposits) forms in inner layer (___________) of arteries.

A

Intima

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23
Q

What is the term for disease that involves middle layer of arteries w/ destruction of muscle & elastic fibers & formation of calcium deposits?

A

Monckeberg arteriosclerosis

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24
Q

What is the term for thickening of walls of small arteries (arterioles)?

A

Arteriolosclerosis or arteriolar sclerosis

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25
Surgical management of ____________ coronary arteries include PCI, CABG, & coronary stents.
Atherosclerosis
26
What are the indications of a-adrenergic receptor agonists?
- Orthostatic hypotension - HTN
27
What is the indication of a-adrenergic receptor antagonists?
Hypertension
28
Which 2 medications have the following indications? - Heart failure - HTN - Ventricular dysfunction post-MI
- ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors - Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
29
What are the indications of B-adrenergic receptor antagonists (B blockers)?
- Angina - Cardiac arrhythmias - HTN - Heart failure - Ventricular dysfunction post MI
30
Which medication's indications are cardiac arrhythmias & heart failure?
Antiarrhythmics
31
What is the indication of direct renin inhibitors?
HTN
32
What are the indications of calcium channel blockers?
- Angina - HTN - Cardiac arrhythmias
33
Which medication treats & prevents clot formation & emboli in deep veins, heart, lungs, & extremities?
Anticoagulants
34
Which medication prevents clot formation & emboli in deep veins, heart, & brain?
Antiplatelets
35
What are the indications of hemostatics?
- Excessive bleeding - Hemorrhage
36
Which medication prevents & treats CHD, dyslipidemias, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, & atherosclerosis?
Cholesterol-modifying agents
37
Which medication's indication is central diabetes insipidus?
Antidiuretics
38
What are the indications of diuretics?
- Heart failure - HTN - Edema
39
Which medication's indication is pulmonary arterial HTN?
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
40
Vasodilators' indication is ____________ & hydralazine & minoxidil are used for HTN.
Angina
41
What is the term for temporary chest pain/discomfort when cardiac workload exceeds oxygen supply to myocardial tissue & ischemia occurs?
Angina pectoris
42
Myocardial ischemia is caused by decreased oxygen supply (vessels, circulatory or blood factors) & increased oxygen ______________ (exercise, exertion).
Demand
43
Primary or essential hypertension is also known as ____________ HTN & accounts for 90-95%.
Idiopathic
44
Which type of hypertension is syndrome of markedly elevated BP (DBP > 135 mm Hg) w/ target organ damage?
Malignant
45
What are the 4 nonmodifiable risk factors of primary HTN?
- Pos family history of CVD - Age > 55 - Gender (male <55 yrs, female >55 yrs) - Ethnicity (African American & Hispanic)
46
Myocardial cell death due to prolonged _____________
Ischemia
47
Which type of MI is caused by CAD & is triggered by atherosclerotic plaque disruption?
Type 1
48
Which type of MI is due to mismatch b/t oxygen supply/demand by myocardial tissue w/ no atherosclerotic plaque disruption?
Type 2
49
What is the term for decrease of 20 mm Hg or greater in SBP or drop of 10 mm Hg or more in both systolic & diastolic BP w/ concomitant pulse increase of 15 beats/min or more on standing from supine or sitting?
Orthostatic (postural) hypotension
50
Infarcted ___________ presents w/ altered ECG.
Myocardium
51
What is the term for chaotic rhythm & rate in ECG?
Ventricular fibrillation
52
What is present in ischemia ECG?
T wave inversion
53
What is present in infarction/necrosis ECG?
ST elevation
54
How does a normal ECG look like?
55
Arrhythmia (dysrhythmia) is disturbance of HR or rhythm caused by abnormal rate of electrical impulse generation by _____________ node or abnormal conduction of impulses.
Sinoatrial
56
Infective endocarditis is an infection of endocardium which is the ____________ of the heart including the heart valves.
Lining
57
Rheumatic fever is 1 form of endocarditis caused by which type of bacteria?
Streptococcal group A
58
What is the term for chronic condition caused by scarring & deformity of heart valves?
Rheumatic heart disease
59
What is the term for blood leaking backwards through heart valves?
Regurgitation
60
What is the outer lining of the heart?
Pericardium
61
What are the 2 layers of pericardium? Which one is attached to epicardium?
- Inner visceral* - Outer parietal
62
T/F: myocardium stabilizes heart in anatomic position & reduces excess friction.
F (pericardium)
63
What is the term for abnormal stretching (dilation) in wall of artery, vein, or heart w/ diameter that is at least 50% greater than normal?
Aneurysm
64
What is the most common type of aneurysm?
Abdominal aortic
65
What is the term for swelling of vein bc of vein wall inflammation (phlebitis) occurring as result of thrombus deposition in vein?
Thrombophlebitis
66
What are the 2 diff types of thrombophlebitis?
- Deep vein - Superficial
67
Vein thrombosis is a partial occlusion (____________ thrombus) or complete occlusion (____________ thrombus) of a vein by thrombus w/ secondary inflammatory reaction in the wall of vein.
- Mural - Occlusive
68
Venous thrombus is intravascular collection of ___________ network, platelets, erythrocytes, & leukocytes.
Fibrin
69
What is the end result of activation of clotting cascade w/ the potential to produce significant morbidity & mortality?
Venous thrombus
70
What are the risk factors for DVT?
- Immobility (venous stasis) - Trauma (venous damage) - Lifestyle - Hypercoagulation
71
Pulmonary embolism can occur when part of thrombus (embolus) in DVT breaks loose & travels through right side of heart into where?
Pulmonary artery
72
What is the most devastating complication of DVT & where does it usually occur?
- PEs - Large deep veins of pelvis & legs
73
What are DVT & PE referred to?
Venous thromboembolism
74
What is the most common reason for hospital readmission & death after total hip & knee arthroplasty?
VTE
75
What are some other substances besides blood clot that can form emboli?
- Air bubbles - Fat droplets - Amniotic fluid - Parasite clumps - Tumor cells
76
What is the term for abnormal dilation of veins usually the saphenous veins of LE that leads to tortuosity of vessel, incompetence of valves, & propensity to thrombis?
Varicose veins

INTERNAL MED FINAL (7 decks)

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