Cardiovascular system

Question 1

Vena cava

Answer 1

Transports deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

Question 2

Septum

Answer 2

a wall that separates the left from the right side of the heart

Question 3

Arteries

Answer 3

Carry blood away from heart, have thick muscular walls, elastic walls, high blood pressure, oxygenated

Question 4

Veins

Answer 4

Carry blood towards heart, thin muscular walls, elastic walls, low pressure, deoxygenated

Question 5

Capillaries

Answer 5

very thin, small lumen, allows gaseous exchange

Question 6

Arterioles and venules

Answer 6

similar to arteries but have thinner walls and can change the diameter to control the blood tot he capillaries, connect capillaries to veins and similar to veins

Question 7

Red blood cells

Answer 7

carries oxygen, binds with protein called haemoglobin, transported to working muscles, large surface area - dome shape

Question 8

White blood cells

Answer 8

Help protect the body from fighting infections, destroy and remove pathogens, originate in bone marrow and stored in blood

Question 9

Plasma

Answer 9

liquid part of the blood
transports the blood cells, platelets and nutrients to different parts of the body
is 90% water

Question 10

Platelets

Answer 10

help prevent bleeding by clotting and forming a plug
allow performers such as boxers to stop bleeding if they get a cut, allowing them to continue

Question 11

delivering oxygen and nutrients - functions

Answer 11

CV system delivers nutrient and oxygen to the tissue of the body, during exercise the demand for oxygen increases, the blood will delivered this oxygen

Question 12

Removing waste products - functions

Answer 12

removes carbon dioxide, removes lactic acid, transports waste products to kidneys and liver, returns carbon dioxide to the lungs, during exercise lactate and carbon dioxide increases

Question 13

fight infection - functions

Answer 13

produce in bone marrow, stored in the blood, ingest pathogens and destroy them, produces antibodies that destroy pathogens

Question 14

clotting of blood - functions

Answer 14

gather together and plug the wound to stop bleeding

Question 15

thermoregulation

Answer 15

maintains body temperature and ensures you font overheat, vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Question 16

Vasodilation

Answer 16

dilate to increase the blood flow resulting in a decrease in temperature as heat is carried to the skin surface

Question 17

vasoconstriction

Answer 17

constrict to reduce the blood flow resulting in increase in temperature as heat loss is prevented

Question 18

SA node

Answer 18

Often called the hearts pacemaker. Sends an impulse to the right atrium causing the muscular walls to contract. The contraction forces blood from the atrium down into the ventricles.

Question 19

AV node

Answer 19

Located between the atria and the ventricles. Acts as a buffer that slows down the signal from the SAN/slows down the impulse of blood. Otherwise the atria and ventricles would contract at the same time. This allows the ventricles to fill with blood before contraction.

Question 20

Bundle of his & purkinje fibres

Answer 20

Specialised muscle cell that transports the impulses from the AVN. Found in the walls of the ventricles. Travels down the bundle of his to the purkinje fibres. Allow ventricles to contract causing the blood to the pushed out of the heart.

Question 21

Response - anticipatory rise in heart rate

Answer 21

increased heart rate prior to sports match due to release of adrenaline, prepares your body for the increase in demand

Question 22

response - increased heart rate

Answer 22

due to rise in carbon dioxide picked up by the chemoreceptors and is needed due to the increase in demand for oxygen

Question 23

response - increased heart rate - equation

Answer 23

cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate

Question 24

response - increased blood pressure

Answer 24

Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood against the walls of your arteries

Question 25

Fraction of blood pressure

Answer 25

120/80

Question 26

systolic

Answer 26

top number, pressure on your arteries wall when the heart contracts

Question 27

diastolic

Answer 27

bottom number, pressure on your arteries when the heart relaxes

Question 28

redirection of blood

Answer 28

redirected to where it needs it the most e.g. working muscles, Vasodilation and vasoconstriction, this allows extra blood flow, exercise blood is not needed for the digestive system blood flow is redirected by vasoconstriction

Question 29

Adaptations - cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 29

where the walls of the heart are thicket and increases the strength of the hearts contractions

Question 30

adaptations - increased in resting and working stroke volume

Answer 30

cardiac hypertrophy means the heart can pump more blood per beat and more blood means more oxygen can be transported to the working muscles

Question 31

Adaptions - Decreased in resting heart rate

Answer 31

Heart is bigger and can pump more blood per beat, the heart doesn’t have to work as hard which results in a reduced resting heart rate

Question 32

adaptations - reductions in blood pressure

Answer 32

training reduces blood pressure and reduces risk of disease and stroke volume and exercise keeps blood vessels healthy

Question 33

adaptations - reduction in heart rate and recovery time

Answer 33

heart is bigger it can pump blood at an increased rate during and after exercise, decreases recovery time and removes waste products faster

Question 34

adaptations - capillarisation of skeletal muscle and alveoli

Answer 34

exercise increased the capillarisation both around the muscle and the alveoli, more oxygen And nutrition can be diffused into the blood from aveoli into muscles

Question 35

adaptations - increase in blood volume

Answer 35

increases blood volume this is mainly due to capillarisation through training, allows more oxygen and nutrients to be delivered, regulates temperature more efficiently

Question 36

Additional factors - sudden arrhythmic death syndrome SADS

Answer 36

Heart condition that can cause sudden death, usually caused by irregular heat beats, no clear symptoms

Question 37

additional factors - high and low blood pressure

Answer 37

Blood pressure is pressure exerted on arteries, high blood pressure can risk factor from heart disease or stroke, low blood pressure can be dangerous, dizziness, light headedness, nausea and fainting

Question 38

high blood pressure

Answer 38

hypertension

Question 39

low blood pressure

Answer 39

hypotension

Question 40

hypothermia

Answer 40

drop in core body temperature below 35 degrees, can occur when cold and wet conditions for long period

Question 41

hyperthermia

Answer 41

increase in core body temperature, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke, lose heat through thermoregulation, drink water before and after especially in hot conditions

Question 42

Sympathies nervous system

Answer 42

prepares the body for intense physical activity and is often referred to as the fight or flight response

Question 43

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 43

relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high energy functions, slows the heart down after exercise, this is oftern referred to as the rest and digest response