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BIO 111 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

-comprises the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries
-system of organs that delivers oxygen and nutrients
-removes waste and carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Arteries

A

-transports blood away from the heart
-usually oxygenated blood, expect for special cases like the pulmonary arteries that is not always the case

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3
Q

Veins

A

-transports blood toward the heart
-usually deoxygenated blood, but not always for example in the pulmonary system

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4
Q

Capillaries

A

-permeable, microscopic vessels between arteries and veins
-allow for the gas and fluid exchange between blood and tissues themselves

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5
Q

Blood

A

-liquid connective tissue
-specifically, the body fluid of the cardiovascular system

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6
Q

Blood Functions

A
  1. Transportation
    -transports formed molecules and elements
  2. Protection
    -protects from pathogens and blood loos done by platelets
  3. Regulation
    -maintains homeostasis (temp, pH, fluid balance)
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7
Q

Blood Physical Characteristics

A

Colour
-depends on degree of oxygenated
-O2 rich = bright red
-O2 poor = dark red
Volume
-4-6 L in adults
Viscosity
-4-5X thicker than water
Temperature
-1 degree Celsius higher than measurable body temperature
PH
-7.35-7.45

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8
Q

Plasma

A

-component of blood
-made up of 92% water, plasma proteins and other solutes
-liquid component

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9
Q

Formed Elements

A

-cellular components of blood
-erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

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10
Q

Hematocrit

A

-percent of volume of formed elements in the blood
-measurement of the percent of formed elements in total blood volume
-can be used to detect blood disorders and other medical conditions
-can also be used to monitor internal bleeding post-surgery

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11
Q

Colloid

A

-mixture with suspended particles

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12
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

-hematopoiesis=hemopoiesis “blood production”
-production of formed elements
-begins in embryonic development

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13
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

-production of erythrocytes

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14
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

-production of platelets
-the process by which platelets, essential for blood clotting, are produced from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

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15
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

-production of leukocytes

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16
Q

Erythrocytes

A

-small, flexible cells
-“red blood cells”
-most commonly formed element
-shaped as a biconcave disc to give it more surface area to carry more oxygen and carbon dioxide
-no nucleus or organelles
-packed with hemoglobin
-efficient transport of gasses
-need to be replaces: cannot repair or replace damaged membranes
-broken down in the liver and spleen: into three components, globin and iron are recycled, heme is converted to bilirubin excreted

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17
Q

Hemoglobin

A

-red pigmented protein
-transports carbon dioxide and oxygen
-each hemoglobin molecule consists of 4 globin molecules which are proteins that have a heme group that contains that contains iron and binds oxygen therefore each hemoglobin can transport 4 oxygen
-oxygenated: maximally loaded with oxygen
-deoxygenated: some carbon dioxide is bound

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18
Q

Globins

A

-make up the hemoglobin
-4 in each protein

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19
Q

Heme

A

-found in each molecule
-contains iron
-binds oxygen

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20
Q

Oxygenated

A

-maximally leaded with oxygen

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21
Q

Deoxygenated

A

-some carbon dioxide bound

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22
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

-hormone that regulates erythrocyte production
-negative feedback

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23
Q

Leukocytes

A

-“white blood cells”
-five types
-main function is to defend the body from pathogens
-motile meaning they can move from the blood to tissues
-use the blood to reach site of infection
-larger and less numerous than erythrocytes
-motile: attracted to sites of infection
-found in most body tissues
2 types:
1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocytes

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24
Q

Granulocytes

A

-having granules in cytosol
-can be stained that is why they can be seen under a microscope

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25
Neutrophils (Granulocyte)
-most numerous -multilobed nucleus -phagocytise pathogens
26
Eosinophils (Granulocyte)
-bilobed nuclei -attack antibodies – antigen complex and allergens
27
Basophils (Granulocyte)
-bilobed nucleus -intensify inflammatory response -release histamine and heparin
28
Histamine
-improve blood flow
29
Heparin
-prevent blood from clotting at site if injury of infection
30
Agranulocytes
-no granules in cytosol -smaller -2 types
31
Lymphocytes (Agranulocyte)
-round dark nucleus -immune response
32
Monocytes (Agranulocyte)
-kidney shaped nucleus -transform into macrophages when they leave circulation => phagocytosis
33
Macrophages
-large phagocytic cells -phagocytize bacteria, viruses, cell fragments, dead cells and debris
34
Platelets
-cell fragments from megakaryocytes -membrane enclosed -last step before they become platelets -important for blood clotting -irregular shaped -no nucleus
35
Megakaryocytes
-break off of megakaryocytes in red bone marrow -important for blood clotting
36
Hemostasis
-body’s natural process to stop bleeding and repair damaged blood vessels -process of sealing off a ruptured blood vessel to prevent further blood loss -positive feedback cycle: -platelets become activated -release chemicals that leads to: -prolonged vascular spasm -attraction of other platelets -stimulation of coagulation -repair of blood vessels
37
Vascular spasm
-damage to smooth muscle of vessel wall causes contractions -vasoconstriction
38
Platelet plug formation
-collagen fibers in the connective tissue exposed -platelets stick and become activated -release chemicals that lead to: -increased spasms -attraction of other platelets -stimulation of coagulation -repair of blood vessels -as platelets stick they produce a plug
39
Coagulation
-Coagulation requires numerous substances - Calcium -Clotting factors -Proteins in blood that help form clots -13 clotting factors -Platelets -Vitamin K -Required to synthesize 4 of the clotting factors -Coagulation pathway -Process of coagulation -Cascade -3 pathways - intrinsic, extrinsic, and common
40
Fibrin
-insoluble protein -fibrin creates a clot -creates a network -traps other formed elements
41
Clotting factors
-proteins in the blood that help form clots -13 clotting factors
42
Coagulation pathway
-process of coagulation -cascade -3 pathways
43
Intrinsic pathway (coagulation)
-triggered by damage to the inside of the vessel wall -initiated by platelets -~3-6 mins
44
Extrinsic pathway (coagulation)
-initiated by damage to the tissue -outside the vessel -~15 sec
45
Common pathway
-both pathways converge -starts with activated form of factors X -activated by either pathway
46
Prothrombin
-protein made by the liver -activated by prothrombin activator to form thrombin
47
Fibrinogen
-enzyme made by liver -thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
48
Fibrin polymer
-stabilized -framework for blood clot
49
Plasmin
-degrades the fibrin strands -uses fibrinolysis
50
Fibrinolysis
-breakdown of the clot -starts 2 days after clot formation
51
Blood transfusing
-medical procedure that involves transferring blood or blood components -usually done by an IV line -common in sever blood loss situations -donated blood is separated and patients are given the components of the blood they need -whole blood lasts 35 days after it is extracted from the donor
52
Blood typing
-based on the presence of antibodies in the plasma from antigens on the erythrocytes -2 different types of antigens: 1. ABO 2. Rh
53
Antigen
-substance that will elicit an immune response
54
Antibody
-protein that can bind to specific antigens -2 antigens on the erythrocytes determine blood type: 1. ABO 2.Rh
55
ABO
-antigens that make up our blood type ABO surface antigens: -2 surface antigens -> A and B ABO antibodies: -antibodies in the plasma correspond to the antigens on the erythrocytes -antibodies only present if antigen is not present
56
Type A
Antigen: -erythrocytes with surface A antigen only Antibody: -plasma contains anti-B antibodies
57
Type B
Antigen: -erythrocytes with surface B antigen only Antibody: -plasma contains anti-A antibodies
58
Type AB
Antigen: -erythrocyte with both surface A and B antigens Antibody: -plasma does not contain with antibodies
59
Type O
Antigen: -erythrocyte with neither A or B antigens Antibody: -plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
60
Rh
-determined by the presence or absence of the surface Rh antigen -Rh- develop antibodies for Ph when exposed to Rh+ blood
61
Rh+
Erythrocytes -surface antigen D Plasma -no anti-D antibodies
62
Rh-
Erythrocytes -no surface antigen D Plasma -no anti-D antibodies unless exposed to RH positive blood
63
Universal donor
-people who can donate to any type of blood -O- blood type -no antigens or erythrocytes -no antigens on this blood to react with the recipient -antibodies in the plasma which could potentially cause issues for the recipient
64
Universal acceptor
-can receive blood from any type -AB+ -no antibodies in plasma
65
Agglutination test
-used to determine blood type -when blood of donor and recipient are a match there will be no agglutination, no clumping seen means a successful blood type match -when blood type of donor and recipient there will be agglutination, clumping seen and hemolysis occurs meaning unsuccessful blood type match
66
Blood smear
-sample of blood is taken and spread on a slide -once spread it is stained and viewed under a microscope
67
Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
-measures proteins, enzymes, electrolytes, mineral and other substances -used to look at liver and kidney function
68
Complete blood count (CBC)
-measures the total number of formed elements, hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC site -used to look at overall health
69
Differential white blood count
-relative levels on individual leukocytes -routine exams
70

BIO 111 (3 decks)

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