Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the side effects of amiodarone?

Answer 1

• Pulmonary fibrosis (PFT)
• Hepatotoxicity (LFT)
• Hypo- and hyperthyroidism (TFT)
• Corneal deposits
• Photosensitivity
• Neurological symptoms
• Constipation
• CVS symptoms: AV block etc.

>> Check the PFT, LFT and TFT

Question 2

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 2

Truncus arteriosus

Question 3

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Smooth parts of the left and right ventricles?

Answer 3

Bulbus cordis

Question 4

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Trabeculated part of the left and right atria?

Answer 4

Primitive atria

Question 5

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Trabeculated part of the left and right ventricles?

Answer 5

Primitive ventricle

Question 6

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Smooth part of the left atrium?

Answer 6

Primitive pulmonary vein

Question 7

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Smooth part of the right atrium?

Answer 7

Right horn of the sinus venosus

Question 8

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

The Coronary Sinus?

Answer 8

Left horn of the sinus venosus

Question 9

What embryonic structure gives rise to:

Superior Vena Cava?

Answer 9

Right common and right anterior cardinal veins

Question 10

What does the primitive atria give rise to?

Answer 10

Trabeculated parts of the right and left atria

Question 11

What does the primitive ventricle give rise to?

Answer 11

Trabeculated parts of the right and left ventricles

Question 12

What does the bulbus cordis give rise to?

Answer 12

Smooth outflow tracts of the right and left venticles

Question 13

What does the truncus arteriosus give rise to?

Answer 13

Ascending aortic arch and pulmonary trunk

Question 14

What does the sinus venosus give rise to?

Answer 14

• *Right**: smooth part of the right atria
• *Left**: coronary sinus

Question 15

What does the primitive pulmonary vein give rise to?

Answer 15

Smooth part of the left atrium

Question 16

What do the right common and anterior cardinal veins give rise to?

Answer 16

Superior vena cava

Question 17

What does the first aortic arch give rise to?

Answer 17

Maxillary artery

Question 18

What does the second aortic arch give rise to?

Answer 18

Stapedius and hyoid arteries

Question 19

What does the third aortic arch give rise to?

Answer 19

Common carotid artery
Proximal part of the internal carotid artery

Question 20

What does the fourth aortic arch give rise to?

Answer 20

• *Left arch**: aortic arch
• *Right arch**: proximal part of the right subclavian artery

Question 21

What does the sixth aortic arch give rise to?

Answer 21

Proximal parts of the pulmonary arteries
Left arch: ductus arteriosus

Question 22

Why should beta-blockers never be used in suspected cocaine intoxication?

Answer 22

Beta-blockers can lead to severe hypertension from unopposed alpha-1 activation (you block the beta-2 receptors along with the beta-1 receptors, which discounts the possible vasodilating effects of cocaine on the beta-2 receptors)

Question 23

What defect is associated with the following murmur:

Pansystolilc murmur heard best at the apex, often radiating to the left axilla

Answer 23

Mitral regurgitation

Question 24

What defect is associated with the following murmur:

Crescendo-descrecsendo systolic murmur heard best in the 2nd-3rd right intercostal space close to the sternum

Answer 24

Aortic stenosis

Question 25

What defect is associated with the following murmur: Late systolic murmur usually preceded by a mid-systolic click?

Answer 25

Mitral valve prolapse

Question 26

What defect is associated with the following murmur: Late diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best along the left side of the sternum

Answer 26

Tricuspid stenosis

Question 27

What heart defect is associated with chromosome 22q11 deletion?

Answer 27

- Tetralogy of Fallot - Truncus arteriosus

Question 28

What heart defect is associated with congenital rubella?

Answer 28

- Patent ductus arteriosus - Pulmonary artery stenosis

Question 29

What heart defect is associated with Turner syndrome?

Answer 29

- Coarctation of the aorta - Bicuspid aortic valve \>\> RMB: also associated with increased risk for ovarian dysgerminoma development (equivalent to male seminoma with sheets of "fried egg" cells and elevated beta-hCG and LDH levels)

Question 30

What heart defect is associated with Marfan syndrome?

Answer 30

- Aortic insufficiency \>\> Also associated with mitral valve prolapse, arachnodactyly and lens subluxation

Question 31

In TOF, the severity of symptoms in patients largely depends on....?

Answer 31

The severity of **pulmonic stenosis** ## Footnote - The VSD is usually large and nonrestrictive; the direction of the shunt through the defect is dependent on the pressure gradient between the two sides - If the pulmonic stenosis is severe, RV pressure is higher than LV pressure: R\>\>L shunt --- cyanosis - If the pulmonic stenosis is not severe, RV pressure is lower than LV pressure: L\>\>R shunt --- acyanosis