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Anatomy 162 Midterm 3 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the location, position and size of the heart.

A
  • With in the mediastinum
  • Bordered laterally by the lungs, posteriorly by the vertebral column and anteriorly by the sternum
  • The approximate size of the heart is that of a closed fist
  • Its pointed end, the apex, resets on the diaphragm
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2
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The pericardium is a set of membranes that surround and protect the heart. The pericardium consists of the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.

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3
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

Outer membrane composed of dense connective tissue

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4
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

Inner membrane composed of an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer.

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5
Q

What is another name for the visceral pericardium?

A

The epicardium, it adheres to the surface of the heart

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6
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

The potential space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium that contains serous fluid

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium (outer)
Myocardium (middle)
Endocardium (inner lining)

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8
Q

Identify the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Right atria, left atria, right ventricle, left ventricle

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9
Q

What are auricles?

A

Ear like extensions of the atria that serve to increase their blood capacity

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10
Q

What is the septum?

A

The septum is the partition between the right and left side of the heart

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11
Q

What are the two different septum?

A

The interatrial septum is the partition between the atria and the interventrical septum is the partition between ventricles

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12
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

In utero it is an opening in the interatrial septum, of the fetal heart. This opening allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium thus bypassing the nonfunctioning fetal lungs. At birth the foramen ovale closes forming a pale coloured depression called he fossa ovalis

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13
Q

Where does the superior vena cava drain blood from?

A

upper body

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14
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava drain blood from?

A

lower body

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15
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain blood from?

A

myocardium

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16
Q

What vessel leaves the right ventricle?

A

The pulmonary trunk, which branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries. Blood in these vessels is deoxygenated and it is going to the lungs

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17
Q

What vessels does the left atrium receive blood from?

A

The pulmonary veins, these vessels are returning oxygenated blood from the lungs

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18
Q

What vessel leaves the left ventricle?

A

The aorta, it contains oxygenated blood that is going to the body

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19
Q

What are the four valves with in the heart?

A

The atrioventricular (cuspid) valves

  • the triscupid valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle. It has 3 cusps
  • the bicuspid valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle. It has 2 cusps

Semilunar valves

  • the pulmonary valve is located where the pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle
  • the aorta valve is located where the aorta leaves the left ventricle
  • Both semilunar valves have 3 half moon shaped cusps that fill with blood to prevent back flow
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20
Q

What are chordae tenineae?

A

fibrous strings that attach the cuspid valves to the ventricles. These strings originate from masses of muscles called papillary muscles.

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21
Q

What is the function of papillary muscles?

A

They contract when the ventricles contract and pull on the chordae tendineae preventing the cusps from inverting back in to the atria

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22
Q

True of False. The right side of the heart is only involved with oxygenated blood.

A

False.
The right side of the heart is only involved with deoxygenated blood therefore all vessels entering and leaving the right side of the heart must contain deoxygenated blood.

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23
Q

What does the cardiac conduction system consist of?

A
  • Sinoatrial (SA) Node
  • Atrioventricular (AV) Node
  • Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle
  • Purkinje Fibers
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24
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

The SA node is located in the wall of the right atrium just inferior to the opening of the superior vena cava

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25
Q

What is the SA node also known as?

A

The pacemaker

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26
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

The AV node is located in the intertribal septum

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27
Q

Where is the AV bundle located?

A

The superior portion of the inter ventricular septum, it divides in to a right and left bundle branch to each ventricle

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28
Q

What is the function of the purkinje fibers?

A

They carry impulses to all parts of the ventricular myocardium, ensuring complete ventricular contraction

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29
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The cardiac cycle is one complete heartbeat during which the atria contract, then the ventricles contract, followed by the relaxation of both

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30
Q

What is systole and diastole?

A

Systole is the contraction of a heart chamber

Diastole is the relaxation of a heart chamber

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31
Q

What are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

1) Atrial systole and ventricular diastole (.1 second)
- ventricles fill with blood and cuspid valves are open therefor semilunar valves are closed
2) Ventricular systole and atrial diastole (.3 seconds)
- ventricles empty (blood from the right ventricle is pumped in to the pulmonary tank and from the left ventricle in to the aorta and semilunar valves are open
3) Ventricular diastole and atrial diastole (.4 seconds)
- Blood flows into the right atrium from the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus. Blood flows into the left atrium from pulmonary veins. As the atria fill, approx 75% of the blood falls passively into the ventricles. Cuspid valves are open

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32
Q

The heart sounds are described as sounding like ‘lub-dup’ What is the ‘lub’ sound due to?

A

The closing of the AV(cuspid) valves during ventricular systole

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33
Q

What is the ‘dup’ sounds due to?

A

The closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole

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34
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat. In a resting adult the average stroke volume is 70 mls

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35
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of heartbeats per minute. In a resting adult the average heart rate is 75 beats per minute

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36
Q

What is cardiac output?

A 
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
Cardiac output (CO)= Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR)
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37
Q

What factors can affect stroke volume?

A

a) the degree to which the ventricles stretch during filling
b) the force of contraction of the ventricles
c) the pressure in the pulmonary trunk and aorta the ventricles must overcome when initiating contraction

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38
Q

What factors exert am effect on the heart rate?

A
  • nervous system
  • hormone
  • exercise
  • stress, excitement and emotional upset
  • ions: potassium, calcium and sodium ion levels affect the heart rate
  • age
  • gender
  • physical fitness
  • temperature (increase in temp increase in HR)
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39
Q

What are arteries?

A

Medium to large sized vessels adapted to carry blood away from the heart under high pressure

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40
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Smaller vessels leading from an artery into a capillary

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41
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Microscopic vessels that do not always function as individual units but rather as an interconnected branching network

42
Q

What are venules?

A

Smaller vessels leading from a capillary into a vein

43
Q

What are veins?

A

Medium to large sized vessels that carry blood toward the heart under low pressure

44
Q

What is the function of interstitial fluid?

A

Allow the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between the blood and cells

45
Q

What substances leave the blood from capillaries?

A

oxygen by diffusion and nutrients and water by filtration

46
Q

What substances enter the blood in the capillaries?

A

carbon dioxide by diffusion and wastes and water by osmosis

47
Q

Where does interstitial fluid originate from?

A

plasma

48
Q

What can interstitial fluid become?

A

lymph, plasma, intracellular fluid or interstitial fluid

49
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

It consists of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. The purpose of this circuit is to oxygenate the blood and remove the carbon dioxide

50
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

It consists of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart. The purpose of this circuit is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body cells and to remove carbon dioxide and wastes

51
Q

What arteries branch from the thoracic aorta?

A

Bronchial arteries, mediastinal artery, posterior intercostal arteries (intercostal muscles, vertebrae, spinal cord and deep muscles of the back

52
Q

What arteries branch from the abdominal aorta?

A

-Phrenic artery (diaphragm)
-Celiac Artery which branches into the gastric (stomach) artery, hepatic (liver) artery, Splenic (spleen, pancreas, an stomach) artery
-Superior Mesenteric Artery (small intestine, ascending colon and transverse colon)
-Adrenal Arteries (adrenal gland)
-Renal Arteries (kidneys)
-Testicular Arteries (testes)
-Ovarian Arteries (ovaries)
-Lumbar Arteries (posterior abdominal wall)
Inferior Mesenteric Artery (descending colon and sigmoid colon)

53
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the aorta?

A

ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta

54
Q

What is the descending aorta partitioned in to by the diaphragm?

A

thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta

55
Q

Where do the left and right coronary arteries branch from the aorta?

A

just above the aortic valve

56
Q

What arteries originate from the aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic artery (branch into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery), left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

57
Q

What do the left and right common carotids divide to form?

A

internal and external carotid arteries

58
Q

What does the external carotid supply?

A

Structures external to the skull including the neck face jaw and scalp. The branches of the external carotid are the facial and temporal

59
Q

What does internal carotid supply?

A

The major parts of the brain

60
Q

What are the arteries of the arm?

A

The subclavian artery, the axillary artery, the brachial artery, the ulnar and radial arteries

61
Q

what does abdominal aorta divide in to below the waist?

A

right and left common iliac arteries

62
Q

What does the common iliac artery divide in to?

A

internal iliac artery that provides blood to the pelvic organs

external iliac artery that continues toward the legs. It passes through the inguinal region and becomes the femoral artery which supplies blood to the femur, muscles and skin in the thigh

63
Q

What do the femoral arteries become?

A

popliteal arteries which supply blood to the region of the knee joint

64
Q

What do the popliteal arteries become?

A

anterior tibial arteries and posterior tibial arteries

both of these supply blood to the tibia, fibula, muscles and skin below the knee

65
Q

Where does the coronary sinus empty?

A

the right atrium

66
Q

Which vein receives blood from the face, scalp and neck? It also empties blood in to the subclavian vein

A

The external jugular

67
Q

Which vein receives blood from the dural sinuses? It joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein?

A

The internal jugular

68
Q

What do the two brachiocephalic veins join to form?

A

Superior Vena Cava

69
Q

What are the two main superficial veins of the arm?

A

Basilic (medial) and Cephalic (lateral)

An anastomosis in the region between these two veins is called the median cubital vein

70
Q

What are the two superficial veins of the leg?

A

Great saphenous which empties in to the femoral vein and the small saphenous which empties in to the popliteal vein

71
Q

What veins of the abdominal region empty in to the inferior vena cava?

A

Gonadal (ovarian and testicular), renal from the kidneys, adrenal from the adrenal glands, hepatic from the liver, phrenic from the diaphragm

72
Q

Where does the SVC and IVC empty?

A

the right atrium of the heart

73
Q

The first vessels that branch from the aorta deliver blood to the myocardium. What is this pathway called?

A

Coronary circulation

74
Q

Where does the coronary sinus receive blood from?

A

Cardiac veins

75
Q

Describe the hepatic portal system.

A

The liver has unusual circulation. Veins from the abdominal viscera do not flow directly into the IVC. Instead they form the portal vein, which detours into the liver where its nutrient laden blood is processed. The blood from the liver flows through the hepatic veins into the IVC

76
Q

The hepatic portal vein drains blood from which five organs?

A 
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large intestine 
Pancreas
Spleen
77
Q

Blood composition differs in the blood vessels which enter the liver. The blood in the hepatic artery is high in _________ and high in _________

A

oxygen

processed nutrients required by liver cells

78
Q

Describe the blood in the hepatic portal vein

A

high in carbon dioxide and high in unprocessed nutrients from the digestive tract

79
Q

How does the hepatic portal vein differ from other veins?

A

it has high concentration of unprocessed nutrients and it carries blood o the liver rather then directly to the IVC

80
Q

The hepatic veins leave the liver, what are the characteristic of the blood in these veins?

A

High in carbon dioxide and high in processed nutrients ready for use by body cells

81
Q

What are anastomoses?

A

Anastomoses are connections between blood vessels that provide an alternate path for blood flow.

82
Q

What can anastomoses exist or develop between?

A

two arteries, two veins, an artery and a vein

83
Q

What is venous return?

A 
the rate of blood flow back to the heart
factor thats facilitate venous blood return to the heart include:
-contraction of the heart
-contraction of the skeletal muscles
-breathing movements
84
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Force that blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels

85
Q

What happens if blood pressure falls too low?

A

An adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients will not reach the cells and the cells will die

86
Q

What happens if the blood pressure is too high?

A

It can damage the blood vessels by causing them to rupture

87
Q

What is arterial blood pressure?

A

The blood pressure with in the arteries

88
Q

When does arterial pressure rise?

A

When the left ventricle contracts during systole

89
Q

When does arterial pressure decrease?

A

When the left ventricle relaxes during diastole

90
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Systolic pressure is blood pressure from systole to the left ventricle

91
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Blood pressure from diastole to the left ventricle

92
Q

Which is higher? Systolic or diastolic?

A

Systolic blood pressure is always higher than the diastolic blood pressure

93
Q

What is the normal blood pressure for a healthy young adult?

A

110/70.
110 is the systolic pressure it is affected by emotion and exercise

70 is the diastolic pressure it is affected by the condition of the blood vessels and the workload of the heart

94
Q

What is capillary pressure?

A

The blood pressure within the capillaries

Higher at the arteriole end than the venue end

95
Q

What is venous pressure?

A

Blood pressure with in the veins

Higher in the smaller veins further from the heart than the large veins closer to the heart

96
Q

What factors influence arterial blood pressure?

A
  • action of the heart (direct)
  • blood volume (direct)
  • peripheral resistance (direct)
  • blood viscosity (direct)
  • elasticity of the arteries (opposing)
97
Q

What is a direct relationship and an opposing relationship?

A

direct:
An increase in the factor causes an increase in BP
A decrease in the factor causes a decrease in BP

opposing:
An increase in the factor causes a decrease in BP
A decrease in the factor causes an increase in BP

98
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

Peripheral resistance is the force produced by the friction between the blood and the walls of the vessel
-The peripheral resistance varies depending on the size of the vessel lumen

99
Q

Where do the baroreceptors located in the aorta and internal carotid arteries send information concerning changes in BP?

A

Cardiac centers in the brain and vasomotor centre in the brain

100
Q

Where do the cardiac centre and vasomotor centre send impulses?

A

Cardiac centers send impulses to the SA node in the heart

Vasomotor center sends impulses to the smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels

101
Q

What is the nervous systems reaction when blood pressure increases?

A
  • Baroreceptors send impulses to the cardiac and vasomotor centres in the brain
  • Cardiac enters decrease the heart rate and force of contraction
  • Vasomotor centre relays impulses to the vessels
  • Blood vessels vasodilate
  • Blood pressure drops
102
Q

What is the nervous systems reaction when blood pressure decreases?

A
  • Barroreceptors send impulses to the cardiac and vasomotor centres in the brain
  • Cardiac centres increase the heart rate and force of contraction
  • Vasomotor centre relays impulses to the vessels
  • Blood vessels vasoconstrict
  • Blood pressure rises

Anatomy 162 Midterm 3 (9 decks)

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