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Abi Biology 2016 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the cardiovascular system called a double pump system?

A

The blood will enter the heart from the body
Exit the heart into the lungs
Enter the heart from the lungs
Exit the heart and into the body

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2
Q

What is your heart?

A

A muscular pump

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3
Q

What does the heart do?

A

It provides the force necessary to circulate blood to all the tissues in the body

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4
Q

Why do we need a heart?

A

The tissues need a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients, and metabolic waste products have to be removed. The heart circulates these vital things.

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5
Q

What happens if your blood does not have these things?

A

Cells soon undergo irreversible changes that lead to death

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6
Q

How many litres of blood does an average adult human heart pump every minute?

A

5 litres

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7
Q

What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart
The blood vessels
The blood

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8
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

Channels or conduits through which blood is distributed to tissues

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9
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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10
Q

What are arteries?

A

They are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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11
Q

What are veins?

A

They are the blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

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12
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Microscopic vessels that are the medium between veins and arteries, that infiltrate tissues to allow for gaseous and nutrient exchange in cells

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13
Q

What is blood?

A

The liquid transport medium which flows in the vessels. It is a type of tissue

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14
Q

Why can we say that blood is a type of tissue?

A

It has different specialised cells working together

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15
Q

What is plasma?

A

It is a yellowish liquid that contains all blood cells and flows through vessels

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16
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

One cell thick

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17
Q

What is the biological term for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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18
Q

What is another term for white blood cells?

A

Leukocyte

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19
Q

What is the biological term for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

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20
Q

What is the basic function of red blood cells?

A

They carry oxygen around the body

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21
Q

What is the basic function of leukocytes?

A

They assist the immune system and fight foreign bodies

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22
Q

What is the basic function of thrombocytes?

A

Assist with blood clotting

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23
Q

How may internal chamber of the heart are there?

A

Four

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24
Q

What is the heart made up of?

A

Four internal chambers

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25
Q

What are the four internal chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

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26
Q

What does the right atrium do?

A

It receives deoxygenated blood

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27
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

It receives oxygenated blood

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28
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

It pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs

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29
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

It pumps oxygenated blood around the body

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30
Q

How big is the heart?

A

About the size of a man’s closed fist

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31
Q

How is the heart situated?

A

In a cavity between the lungs
Behind the chest wall
Two-thirds of the mass lie to the left of the midline (sternum)

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32
Q

What is the inferior vena cava?

A

It is a vein

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33
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

It carries deoxygenated blood into the heart- via the right atrium- from the lower body

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34
Q

What is the superior vena cava?

A

It is a vein

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35
Q

What does the superior vena cava do?

A

It carries deoxygenated blood into the heart- via the right atrium- from the upper body

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36
Q

What is the tricuspid valve?

A

It is the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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37
Q

What does the tricuspid valve do?

A

It stops blood from flowing into the right atrium after it has passed into the right ventricle

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38
Q

What is the pulmonary valve?

A

It is the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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39
Q

What does the pulmonary valve do?

A

It stops blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has passed into the pulmonary artery

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40
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

It is a vessel

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41
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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42
Q

What is the right pulmonary artery?

A

It is the vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right lung

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43
Q

What is the left pulmonary artery?

A

It is the vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right lung

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44
Q

What are the pulmonary veins?

A

They are vessels

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45
Q

What do the pulmonary veins do?

A

They carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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46
Q

What do the right pulmonary veins do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the right lung to the left atrium

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47
Q

What do the left pulmonary veins do?

A

They carry oxygenated blood from the left lung to the right atrium

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48
Q

What is the mitral valve?

A

It is the valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

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49
Q

What is another name for the mitral valve?

A

The bicuspid valve

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50
Q

What does the mitral valve do?

A

It stops the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the left ventricle

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51
Q

What is the aortic valve?

A

The valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta

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52
Q

What does the aortic valve do?

A

It stops blood from flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta

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53
Q

What is the aorta?

A

It is a vessel

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54
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

It is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood-from the left ventricle- around the rest of the body
It branches out around the body and into capillaries

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55
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

They are vessels

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56
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

They carry oxygenated blood from the aorta to the heart muscle

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57
Q

What does the left coronary artery do?

A

It carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the left side of the heart muscle

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58
Q

What does the right coronary artery do?

A

It carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the right side of the heart muscle

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59
Q

What is the septum?

A

It is the muscle between the left and right chambers of the heart

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60
Q

What does the septum do?

A

It separates the left and right sides of the heart so that oxygenated blood does not mix with deoxygenated blood

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61
Q

What is the apex?

A

It is the “pointy bit” of the heart

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62
Q

How is the left ventricle suited to its function?

A

It has a thicker muscle wall, so that it has enough power to pump blood around the body

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63
Q

What is the cardiac muscle?

A

It is the thick walls of muscle that surround the heart

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64
Q

What do the cardiac muscles do?

A

They contract and relax to push blood out and let it in

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65
Q

What does the cardiac muscle need to perform its function?

A

Nutrients and oxygen

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66
Q

Why does the cardiac muscle need oxygen and nutrients?

A

For cellular respiration

For energy

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67
Q

What will happen if one of the coronary arteries becomes blocked?

A

The heart muscle will not get the oxygen and nutrients that it needs. The cells of the myocardium will not be able to function properly. These cells could die.These muscles will stop working and the heart will not be able to function. The heart will stop working and the cells of the body will not be able to function because they will no longer be supplied with oxygen. You die.
The blood will flow slower. Oxygen will move slower around the body. Muscles and organs will not receive enough oxygen. A clot could form. Thrombosis could occur. Death

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68
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Muscle tissue, specifically of the heart

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69
Q

Which two are more muscular, the atria or the ventricles?

A

The ventricles

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70
Q

Why is there a difference in thickness of muscle?

A

The atria only need to receive blood and then pump it into the ventricles, whereas the ventricles need to pump blood either to the lungs or around the body

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71
Q

What are the two types of valves?

A

Cuspid (Atrioventricular)

Semilunar

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72
Q

What is a cuspid valve?

A

A valve between the atrium and the ventricle

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73
Q

What is a semilunar valve?

A

A valve between a ventricle and an artery

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74
Q

What are the cuspid valves?

A

Mitral

Tricuspid

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75
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Aortic valve

Pulmonary valves

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76
Q

What happens to the valves when the ventricles contract?

A

The atrioventricular valves close

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77
Q

What happens to the valves when the ventricles relax?

A

The semilunar valves close

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78
Q

What sound does the heart make?

A

Lub dub

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79
Q

What causes the sound of your heart beating?

A

The valves closing

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80
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

When the blood flows from the vena cavas thorough the heart and into the lungs

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81
Q

What is the systematic circuit?

A

When blood flows from the lungs through heart and around the body

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82
Q

What kind of blood is transported during the pulmonary circuit?

A

Deoxygenated

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83
Q

What kind of blood is transported during the systematic circuit?

A

Oxygenated blood

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84
Q

Present the flow of blood through the heart I a flow diagram

A

Tricuspid valve->right ventricle->pulmonary valve->pulmonary trunk->left and right pulmonary arteries->left and right lung->capillaries in lungs->left and right pulmonary veins->left atrium->mitral/bicuspid valve->left ventricle->aortic valve->aorta->around the body through branches of the aorta->capillaries in the body->superior and inferior vena cava- >right atrium

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85
Q

Where does the aorta get blood from?

A

The left ventricle

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86
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery get blood from?

A

The right ventricle

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87
Q

Where does the superior vena cava get blood from?

A

The upper body cells

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88
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins get blood from?

A

The lungs

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89
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava get blood from?

A

The lower body cells

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90
Q

Where does the aorta send blood to?

A

All body cells

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91
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery send blood to?

A

The lungs

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92
Q

Where does the superior vena cava send blood to?

A

The right atrium

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93
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein send blood to?

A

The left ventricle

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94
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava send blood to?

A

The right atrium

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95
Q

What is the biological term for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

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96
Q

What is the basic function of red blood cells?

A

They carry oxygen around the body

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97
Q

What is the basic function of leukocytes?

A

They assist the immune system and fight foreign bodies

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98
Q

What is the basic function of thrombocytes?

A

Assist with blood clotting

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99
Q

How may internal chamber of the heart are there?

A

Four

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100
Q

What is the heart made up of?

A

Four internal chambers

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101
Q

What are the four internal chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

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102
Q

What does the right atrium do?

A

It receives deoxygenated blood

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103
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

It receives oxygenated blood

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104
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

It pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs

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105
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

It pumps oxygenated blood around the body

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106
Q

How big is the heart?

A

About the size of a man’s closed fist

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107
Q

How is the heart situated?

A

In a cavity between the lungs
Behind the chest wall
Two-thirds of the mass lie to the left of the midline (sternum)

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108
Q

What is the inferior vena cava?

A

It is a vein

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109
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

It carries deoxygenated blood into the heart- via the right atrium- from the lower body

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110
Q

What is the superior vena cava?

A

It is a vein

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111
Q

What does the superior vena cava do?

A

It carries deoxygenated blood into the heart- via the right atrium- from the upper body

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112
Q

What is the tricuspid valve?

A

It is the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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113
Q

What does the tricuspid valve do?

A

It stops blood from flowing into the right atrium after it has passed into the right ventricle

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114
Q

What is the pulmonary valve?

A

It is the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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115
Q

What does the pulmonary valve do?

A

It stops blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has passed into the pulmonary artery

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116
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

It is a vessel

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117
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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118
Q

What is the right pulmonary artery?

A

It is the vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right lung

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119
Q

What is the left pulmonary artery?

A

It is the vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right lung

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120
Q

What are the pulmonary veins?

A

They are vessels

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121
Q

What do the pulmonary veins do?

A

They carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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122
Q

What do the right pulmonary veins do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the right lung to the left atrium

123
Q

What do the left pulmonary veins do?

A

They carry oxygenated blood from the left lung to the right atrium

124
Q

What is the mitral valve?

A

It is the valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

125
Q

What is another name for the mitral valve?

A

The bicuspid valve

126
Q

What does the mitral valve do?

A

It stops the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the left ventricle

127
Q

What is the aortic valve?

A

The valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta

128
Q

What does the aortic valve do?

A

It stops blood from flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta

129
Q

What is the aorta?

A

It is a vessel

130
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

It is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood-from the left ventricle- around the rest of the body
It branches out around the body and into capillaries

131
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

They are vessels

132
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

They carry oxygenated blood from the aorta to the heart muscle

133
Q

What does the left coronary artery do?

A

It carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the left side of the heart muscle

134
Q

What does the right coronary artery do?

A

It carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the right side of the heart muscle

135
Q

What is the septum?

A

It is the muscle between the left and right chambers of the heart

136
Q

What does the septum do?

A

It separates the left and right sides of the heart so that oxygenated blood does not mix with deoxygenated blood

137
Q

What is the apex?

A

It is the “pointy bit” of the heart

138
Q

How is the left ventricle suited to its function?

A

It has a thicker muscle wall, so that it has enough power to pump blood around the body

139
Q

What is the cardiac muscle?

A

It is the thick walls of muscle that surround the heart

140
Q

What do the cardiac muscles do?

A

They contract and relax to push blood out and let it in

141
Q

What does the cardiac muscle need to perform its function?

A

Nutrients and oxygen

142
Q

Why does the cardiac muscle need oxygen and nutrients?

A

For cellular respiration

For energy

143
Q

What will happen if one of the coronary arteries becomes blocked?

A

The heart muscle will not get the oxygen and nutrients that it needs. The cells of the myocardium will not be able to function properly. These cells could die.These muscles will stop working and the heart will not be able to function. The heart will stop working and the cells of the body will not be able to function because they will no longer be supplied with oxygen. You die.
The blood will flow slower. Oxygen will move slower around the body. Muscles and organs will not receive enough oxygen. A clot could form. Thrombosis could occur. Death

144
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Muscle tissue, specifically of the heart

145
Q

Which two are more muscular, the atria or the ventricles?

A

The ventricles

146
Q

Why is there a difference in thickness of muscle?

A

The atria only need to receive blood and then pump it into the ventricles, whereas the ventricles need to pump blood either to the lungs or around the body

147
Q

What are the two types of valves?

A

Cuspid (Atrioventricular)

Semilunar

148
Q

What is a cuspid valve?

A

A valve between the atrium and the ventricle

149
Q

What is a semilunar valve?

A

A valve between a ventricle and an artery

150
Q

What are the cuspid valves?

A

Mitral

Tricuspid

151
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Aortic valve

Pulmonary valves

152
Q

What happens to the valves when the ventricles contract?

A

The atrioventricular valves close

153
Q

What happens to the valves when the ventricles relax?

A

The semilunar valves close

154
Q

What sound does the heart make?

A

Lub dub

155
Q

What causes the sound of your heart beating?

A

The valves closing

156
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

When the blood flows from the vena cavas thorough the heart and into the lungs

157
Q

What is the systematic circuit?

A

When blood flows from the lungs through heart and around the body

158
Q

What kind of blood is transported during the pulmonary circuit?

A

Deoxygenated

159
Q

What kind of blood is transported during the systematic circuit?

A

Oxygenated blood

160
Q

Present the flow of blood through the heart I a flow diagram

A

Tricuspid valve->right ventricle->pulmonary valve->pulmonary trunk->left and right pulmonary arteries->left and right lung->capillaries in lungs->left and right pulmonary veins->left atrium->mitral/bicuspid valve->left ventricle->aortic valve->aorta->around the body through branches of the aorta->capillaries in the body->superior and inferior vena cava- >right atrium

161
Q

Where does the aorta get blood from?

A

The left ventricle

162
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery get blood from?

A

The right ventricle

163
Q

Where does the superior vena cava get blood from?

A

The upper body cells

164
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins get blood from?

A

The lungs

165
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava get blood from?

A

The lower body cells

166
Q

Where does the aorta send blood to?

A

All body cells

167
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery send blood to?

A

The lungs

168
Q

Where does the superior vena cava send blood to?

A

The right atrium

169
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein send blood to?

A

The left ventricle

170
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava send blood to?

A

The right atrium

171
Q

What is the definition of heart disease?

A

Any disease that affects the ability of the heart to perform its function

172
Q

What can heart diseases affect?

A

The ability of the valves to open and close

The heart’s ability to pump

173
Q

How does oxygenated blood enter the main coronary artery?

A

From the aorta

174
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A common disorder of the arteries

175
Q

What happens when a person has atherosclerosis?

A

Fat, cholesterol and other substances collect in the walls of arteries

176
Q

What are atheromas?

A

Larger accumulations of fat and cholesterol in the wall of arteries

177
Q

What can atheromas do?

A

Damage artery walls

Block blood flow

178
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack

179
Q

Why do damaged heart valves cause health problems?

A

If a heart valve is damaged, then blood can flow backwards. If blood flows backwards, the pressure is reduced where it needs to be increased. If the pressure is thrown out of balance, the blood flow will be inefficient. If the blood does not have enough pressure to flow around the body, oxygen will not move around the body fast enough. If oxygen does not get to cells and organs, these cells and organs will fail.

180
Q

Why is atherosclerosis dangerous?

A

Blood will not reach the heart muscle beyond that point
No oxygen or glucose for cellular respiration
So no energy for that part of the heart to function
Muscle dies which results in a heart attack

181
Q

Why is a heart attack bad?

A

The heart stops working, so the body does not get oxygen

182
Q

What foods should a person avoid to prevent heart attacks?

A

Fatty foods

Food that are high in cholesterol

183
Q

Why should they avoid these foods?

A

To prevent further blockages

184
Q

What can cause a stroke?

A

A blockage in the aorta

185
Q

What is a stroke?

A

When the brain does not get enough oxygen

It stops person will go unconscious

186
Q

What kind of system is the blood circulatory system?

A

A closed system

187
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system that is not open to the outside

188
Q

What do pulmonary arteries do?

A

Transport deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs

189
Q

What do systemic arteries do?

A

Transport oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body tissues

190
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Microscopic arteries

191
Q

Where do arterioles occur?

A

At the end of arteries’ branches

192
Q

What do arterioles do?

A

They regulate blood flow into the tissue capillaries

193
Q

What are the walls of arteries like?

A

They are thick and muscular

194
Q

Why are the walls of arteries thick and muscular?

A

The arteries carry blood at high pressure, so the walls provide support for the vessels

195
Q

What do the walls of arteries do?

A

They can change the diameter of the vessel to regulate blood flow and blood pressure

196
Q

What is the average volume of blood in the arteries?

A

About 10% of the total blood volume at any given time

197
Q

How many layers are there in an artery wall?

A

Three

198
Q

What are the four layers of an artery? (From inside to outside)

A

Lumen
Inner squamous epithelium
Middle elastic layer
Outer fibrous layer

199
Q

Which are the smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels?

A

Capillaries

200
Q

How big are capillaries?

A

One cell thick

201
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They form the connection between arteries and veins

202
Q

Where can capillaries be found?

A

They form a network around tissue cells

203
Q

What is this network of capillaries called?

A

The capillary bed

The capillary network

204
Q

What is the primary function of capillaries?

A

Gaseous and nutrient exchange

205
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

Respiration

206
Q

What is nutrient exchange?

A

Digestion

207
Q

What changes capillary distribution?

A

The metabolic activity of body tissues

208
Q

Which tissues are more metabolically active?

A

Muscles
Liver
Kidneys

209
Q

Why do different tissues have different metabolic activity rates?

A

Some tissues need more oxygen and more nutrients

210
Q

Which tissues have a less abundant supply of capillaries?

A

Connective tissue

211
Q

What is the average volume of blood in the systemic capillaries?

A

About 5% of the total blood volume at any given time

212
Q

What is the average volume of blood in the capillaries in the lungs?

A

About 10% of the total blood volume at any given time

213
Q

What is a venue?

A

The tiny vein that collects blood from the capillaries

214
Q

What are other functions of capillaries?

A

They play a vital role in the exchange of gases, nutrients and metabolic waste products between the blood and the tissue cells

215
Q

How do substances pass through the capillary wall?

A

By diffusion and osmosis

216
Q

How does deoxygenated blood travel, from the smallest to the largest vessels?

A 
Capillaries
Venules 
Larger veins
The Vena Cavas
To the heart
217
Q

What kind of blood do the pulmonary veins carry?

A

Oxygenated blood

218
Q

What kind of blood do the systemic veins carry?

A

Oxygenated blood

219
Q

Why do the systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood?

A

The oxygen has been used by the mitochondria in cells for cellular respiration
Now the blood is filled with carbon dioxide

220
Q

What kind of layers do veins have?

A

Very similar to arteries, but there is less smooth muscle and connective tissue

221
Q

Why are the walls of veins thinner than that of arteries?

A

There is less pressure needed, so the veins do not have to be as thick as arteries

222
Q

How many layers does a vein wall have?

A

Three

223
Q

What are the four layers of a vein? (From inside to outside)

A

Lumen
Inner endothelium
Elastic middle coat
Fibrous outer coat

224
Q

What do the thinner walls of veins allow them to do?

A

It means that they can hold more blood

225
Q

What is the average volume of blood in the veins?

A

About 70% of the total blood volume at any given time

226
Q

What do medium and large veins have?

A

Valves

227
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood

To keep the blood flowing toward the heart

228
Q

Where are the valves in the veins particularly important?

A

In the arms and legs, where the pull of gravity is stronger

229
Q

What is the thickness of the veins?

A

Moderate

230
Q

What is the thickness of the capillaries?

A

Only ONE cells thick

231
Q

What is the thickness of the arteries?

A

Thick

232
Q

What is the type of blood that flows through the veins?

A

Deoxygenated

EXCEPT for the pulmonary veins

233
Q

What is the type of blood that flows through the capillaries?

A

Both

Gaseous exchange

234
Q

What is the type of blood that flows through the arteries?

A

Oxygenated

235
Q

Do veins have valves present?

A

Yes

236
Q

Do capillaries have valves present?

A

No

237
Q

Do arteries have valves present?

A

Only the aorta as it leaves the heart

238
Q

What is the pressure of blood in the veins?

A

Low

239
Q

What is the pressure of blood in the capillaries?

A

Low

240
Q

What is the pressure of blood in the arteries?

A

High

241
Q

Where do veins lead to?

A

The heart

242
Q

Where do capillaries lead to?

A

Arteries and veins

243
Q

Where do arteries lead to?

A

Body cells

Lungs

244
Q

What products do veins carry?

A

Carbon dioxide

Waste products

245
Q

What products do capillaries carry?

A

All

Site of gaseous and nutrient exchange

246
Q

What products do arteries carry?

A

Oxygen

Nutrients

247
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

To move blood to the heart

248
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Gaseous and nutrient exchange

Link between veins and arteries

249
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

To carry blood to the body cells and lung

250
Q

What is the size of the lumen in veins?

A

Larger

251
Q

What is the size of the lumen in capillaries?

A

Microscopic

252
Q

What is the size of the lumen in the arteries?

A

Smaller

253
Q

Where is the remaining 5% of the total volume of blood?

A

In the heart

254
Q

What is blood?

A

The fluid of life
The fluid of growth
The fluid of health

255
Q

Why is blood the fluid of life?

A

It transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs

256
Q

Why is blood the fluid of growth?

A

It transports nourishment (nutrients) from digestion

It transports growth hormones from glands throughout the body

257
Q

Why is blood the fluid of health?

A

It transports disease-fighting substances to the tissues and waste to the kidneys

258
Q

Why is blood alive?

A

It contains living cells

259
Q

What would happen to a human body without blood?

A

They would die

260
Q

What are red and white blood cells responsible for?

A

Nourishing and cleansing the body

261
Q

What is whole blood?

A

The blood that flows through the network of vessels

262
Q

What are the four components of blood?

A

Plasma
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets

263
Q

Out of the four components of blood, which are living?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

264
Q

Where are blood cells manufactured?

A

In our bone marrow

265
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

The soft tissue inside our bones where blood cells are manufactured

266
Q

What is plasma?

A

It is the yellowish fluid that blood cells are suspended in

267
Q

What is plasma made up of?

A 
90% water
Nutrients
Proteins
Hormones
Waste products
268
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

269
Q

What do red blood cells look like?

A

Red

Slightly indented, flattened discs

270
Q

Where is haemoglobin?

A

In red blood cells

271
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

An iron-rich protein

272
Q

How does blood get its red colour?

A

When haemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs

273
Q

What does haemoglobin do?

A

It releases oxygen to the tissues

274
Q

What type of blood cell is more abundant?

A

Erythrocytes

275
Q

How long do Erythrocytes live?

A

About 4 months

276
Q

Why does the body produce new red blood cells?

A

To replace those that die or are lost from the body

277
Q

What is another name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

278
Q

What is the primary function of leukocytes?

A

They are a key part of the body’s immune system

They fight off disease and infection

279
Q

How do leukocytes move?

A

In and out of the bloodstream to reach affected tissues

280
Q

How many leukocytes does your blood have?

A

Far fewer than red blood cells

281
Q

What can your body do to fight infection?

A

It can increase the production of leukocytes

282
Q

How do long do white blood cells live?

A

Their life spans from a few days to months

283
Q

Where are leukocytes generally formed?

A

In the yellow bone marrow in the centre of the bone

284
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A

Phagocytes

Lymphocyte

285
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Monocytes

286
Q

Where are neutrophils formed?

A

In the bone marrow

287
Q

Where are monocytes formed?

A

Bone marrow

Spleen

288
Q

Where are lymphocytes formed?

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus

289
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

290
Q

What do thrombocytes look like?

A

They are irregularly shaped cell fragments

291
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

They help in the clotting process

292
Q

How do thrombocytes work?

A

When a blood vessel breaks, platelets gather in the area and fibrinogen fibres secreted by the thrombocytes form a “net” to seal off the leak

293
Q

How long do thrombocytes live?

A

About 9 days

294
Q

What are clotting factors?

A

Important proteins
Contained in the blood
To help with the clotting process

295
Q

Why do our bodies need clotting factors?

A

Platelets can seal a leak, but it will not be very strong. The proteins help to form a strong, stable clot

296
Q

Where does clotting occur?

A 
In wounds
Cuts
Scratches
Internal bleeding
Surface of our bodies
297
Q

How does the process of clotting work?

A

It is like a puzzle, all the pieces fit together

298
Q

Why do we sometimes need stitches?

A

If a “puzzle piece” is missing, or the leak is too large, we need stitches or plasters to control bleeding

299
Q

Why is blood essential for good health?

A

The body depends on a constant supply of fuel and oxygen to reach its billions of cells

300
Q

What does blood carry?

A 
Oxygen
Nutrients
Clotting factors
Disease fighters 
Hormones
Carbon dioxide
Waste products
301
Q

What is a transfusion?

A

When blood and some of the things it contains can be given from one person to another

302
Q

What are the different ways that a transfusion can take place?

A

Whole blood can be given

Separate components can be given, depending on what the person needs

303
Q

What word can be used to describe erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave

304
Q

What causes a bruise?

A

A blood vessels that bursts under the skin

Abi Biology 2016 (10 decks)

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