Cardiovascular system Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
major function of the cardiovascular system
A
transportation
2
Q
force to move the blood around the body is provided by the
A
beating heart and by blood pressure
3
Q
heart is enclosed within the
A
mediastinum
4
Q
mediastinum
A
medial cavity of throax
5
Q
great vessels of body emerge from
A
posterosuperior aspect or base
6
Q
heart is enclosed by double walled sac called
A
pericardium
7
Q
Loosely fitting superficial part of pericardium is called
A
fibrous pericardium
8
Q
function of fibrous pericardium
A
protect heart and anchors it to surrounding structures, such as disparage and sternum
9
Q
deep to fibrous pericardium is the slippery
A
serous pericardium
10
Q
slippery lubricating fluid is produced by
A
serous pericardial membranes
11
Q
function of the fluid secreted by serous pericardial membranes
A
allows heart to beat easily
12
Q
inflammation of pericardium
A
pericarditis
13
Q
pericarditis often results
A
in the decrease in the serous fluid
14
Q
heart walls are composed of
A
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
15
Q
myocardiums consist of
A
thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike arrangements
16
Q
layer that contacts
A
myocardiums
17
Q
the myocardium is reinforced internally by a dense fibrous connective tissue network called the
A
“skeleton of the heart”
18
Q
Glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers
A
endocardium
19
Q
heart has how many chambers or cavities?
A
4
2 atria and 2 ventricles
20
Q
each of the chambers in heart is lined with
A
endocardium
21
Q
function of endocardium
A
helps blood flow smoothly through the heart
22
Q
superior atria are primary
A
receiving chambers
23
Q
not important in pumping activity
A
atria
24
Q
inferior thick walled ventricles are the
A
discharging chambers
25
actual pumps of the heart
ventricles
26
right ventricle forms most of the
heart's anterior surface
27
septum that divides the heart longitudinally is referred to as either
interventricular septum or interatrial septum
28
heart functions as a
double pump
29
right side of the heart works as
the pulmonary circuit pump
30
the pulmonary circuit pump receives;through
oxygen poor blood from veins
| large superior and inferior venae cavae
31
from which all systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body tissues
aorta
32
pumps the blood out through
pulmonary trunk
33
pulmonary trunk splits into
pulmonary arteries
34
function of pulmonary arteries
carries blood to lungs, where oxygen is picked up and co2 is unloaded
35
oxygen rich blood drains from the what and is returned to what side of the heart through?
Lungs
Left side
through pulmonary veins
36
circulation from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is called the
pulmonary circulation
37
function of pulmonary culation
carry blood from to the lungs for gas exchange and then return it to the heart
38
blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the
aorta
39
oxygen poor blood circulates from the tissues back to the right atrium via
the systemic veins
40
characteristics of left ventricle
pumps blood over a much longer pathway
walls are thicker than right ventricle
much more powerful pump
41
difference between systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation
systemic- carry oxygen rich blood to all body organs
pulmonary- carry blood from lungs for gas exchange and then return it to the heart
42
located between atrial and ventricular chambers
atrioventricular (AV)
43
Left AV valve
bicuspid or mitral
| consists of 2 flaps
44
Right AV valve
tricuspid valve
| consists of 3 flaps
45
Tiny white cords
chordae tendenae
46
function of chordae tendenae
anchors the flaps to the walls of the ventricles
47
When ventricles contract,
they pres on the blood in their chambers and the intraventricular pressure begins to rise
48
guards the bases of the 2 large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers
semilunar valves
49
semilunar valves are known as the
polmonary and aortic semilunar valves
50
AV valves are open during and closed during
heart relaxation
ventricles are contracting
51
semilunar valves are closed and open during
heart relaxation
ventricles are contracting
52
The cuntional blood supply and that oxygenates and nourishes the heart is provided by
right and left coronary arteries
53
coronary arteries branch from the
base of the aorta
54
coronary arteries encircles the heart in
coronary sulcus
55
another name for coronary sulcus
atriventricular groove
56
myocardium is drained by; which is drained into an enlarged vessel on the posterior of the heart called the
several cardiac veins
coronary sinus
57
empties into the right atrium
coronary sinus
58
when the heart beats at a very rapid rate, the myocardium may receive
an inadequate blood supply because the relaxation periods are shortened
59
Situations in which the myocardium is deprived of oxygen often result in
crushing chest pain called angina pectoris
60
myocardial infarction is commonly called
heart attack or coronary
61
heart valves are important because
it moves the blood forward through the heart
62
2 systems act to regulate heart activity
nerves of the autonomic nervous system
| intrinsic conduction system
63
autonomic nervous system act like
brakes and accelerators to decrease or increase the heart rate depending on which division is activated
64
Another name for intrinsic conduction system
nodal system
65
intrinsic conduction system is built into
the heart tissue and sets its basic rhythm
66
Important part of the intrinsic conduction system
sinoatrial
67
sinoatrial is located in the
right atrium
68
has the highest rate of depolarization in the whole system
sinoatrial (SA)
69
SA is often called the
pacemaker
70
Clinical procedure for mapping the electrical activity of the heart
electrocardiography
71
atria and ventricles are separated from one another by
"insulating" connective tissue
72
heart begins to beat at their own rate, which is slower, some or all the time
heart block
73
Lack of an adequate blood supply to the heart muscle leads to
fibrillation
74
define fibrillation
a rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle
75
fibrillation makes the heart
totally useless as a pump
76
major cause of death from heart attacks in adults
fibrillation
77
rapid heart rate
tachycardia
78
a heart rate that is substantially slower than normal
bradycardia
79
prolonged tachycardia progress to fibrillation
fibrillation
80
Synstole and diastole
heart contraction and relaxation
81
refers to the events of one complete heart beat, during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax
cardiac cycle
82
abnormal and unusual heart sounds are called
heart murmurs
83
function of the intrinsic conduction system
coordinate the action of the heart chambers and increases heart beat
84
to which chambers do the terms systole and diastole apply?
left ventricle
85
what causes the lub dup sounds heard with a stethoscope?
operation of the heart valves
86
Describe cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart
87
cardiac output is the product of the
heart rate and the stroke volume
88
stroke volume is the
volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heart beat
89
stroke volume increases as the force of
ventricular contraction increases
90
critical factor controlling stroke volume is
how much the cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract
91
important factor stretching the heart muscle is
venous return
92
anything that increases the volume or speed of venous return also increases
stroke volume and force of contraction
93
when the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
congestive heart failure
94
if the left heart fails
pulmonary congestion occurs
95
if the right heart fails,
peripheral congestion occurs
96
feeds the capillary beds in the tissues
arterioles
97
walls of blood vessels have
3 coats or tunics
98
thin layer of edothelium resting on a basement membrane
tunica intima
99
describe tunica media
bulky middle coat
| smooth muscle and elastic fibers
100
sheets of elastic tissue
elastic laminae
101
smooth muscle is controlled by
sympathetic nervous system
102
changes the diameter of vessels
smooth muscle
103
outer most tunic
composed of?
function?
tunica externa
fibrous connective tissue
support and protect vessels
104
amount of blood returning to the heart
venous return
105
larger veins have;
| that prevents
valves
| prevent backflow of blood
106
also helps return blood to the heart
respiratory pump
107
transparent walls of the capillaries are only
one cell layer thick
| just the tunica intima
108
exchanges between the blood and the tissues can be made because of
the capillaries are only only cell layer thick
109
tiny capillaries tend to form interweaving networks called
capillary beds
110
flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule through a capillary bed is called
microcirculation
111
capillary bed consists of 2 layers
vascular shunt
| true capillaries
112
describe vascular shunt
a vessel that directly connects the arteriole and venule at opposite sides of the bed
113
describe true capillaries
actual exchange vessels
114
root of each true capillary and acts as a valve to regulate the flow of blood into capillary
precapillary sphincter
115
when precapillary sphincter are relaxed
blood flows through the true capillaries and takes part in exchanges with tissue cells
116
when precapillary sphincter are contracted
blood flows through the shunts and bypasses the tissue cells
117
common in people who stand for long periods of time
varicose veins
118
a serious complication of varicose veins is called
thrombophlebitis
119
describe thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein that results when a clot forms in a vessel with poop circulation
120
common consequence of thrombophlebitis is
clot detachment and pulmonary embolism
121
all venous blood must pass through the
pulmonary circulation
122
pericarditis cause pericadial layers to
bind and stick to each other, forming painful adhesions that interfere with heart movements
123
superior atria are primarily
receiving chambers
124
when ventricles contract
blood is propelled out of the heart and into the circulation
125
supplies oxygen and nutrient rich blood to all body organs
systemic circulation
126
AV precent
backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract
127
semilunar valves are called pulmonary or aortic semilunar valves because
it guards the bases of the 2 large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers
128
when the ventricles are contracting and forcing blood out of the heart
leaflets are forced open
129
when the ventricles relax
blood begins to flow backward toward the heart, closing valves
130
AV valves are open during
heart relaxation
131
forces the heart to pump and repump the same blood
incompetent valve
132
valve flaps become stiff often because of repeated bacterial infection of endocardium
valvular stenosis
133
valvular stenosis forces heart to
contract more vigorously than usual
134
functional blood supply that oxygenates and nourishes the heart is provided by the
right and left coronary arteries
135
if angina pectoris is prolonged the oxygen deprived heart cells may die forming
infarct
136
causes heart muscle depolarization in only one direction, from atria to the ventricles
intrinsic conduction system
137
crescent shaped node of the intrinsic conduction systeem
sinoatrial
138
damage of the SA node results in a
slower heart rate
139
heart in complete relaxation
mid to late diastole
140
during early diastole
the intraventricular pressure drops
141
shortly after ventricular contraction begins and the pressure within the ventricles increases rapidly, closing the AV valves
ventricular systole
142
at the end of systole, the ventricules relax, the semilunar valves snap shut preventing backflow and for a moment the ventricles are completely closed
early disatole
143
first heart sound;
| caused by;
lup
| closing of AV valves
144
second heart sound;
| caused by;
dup
| semilunar valves close at the end of systole
145
anything that increases the volume or speed of venous return also increases
stroke volume and force of contraction
146
plays a major role in increasing the venous return
muscular pump
147
the most important external influence on heart rate is the
activity of the autonomic nervous system
148
during physical or emotional stress, the nerves of the; more strongly stimulate;
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
| SA and AV nodes and the cardiac muscle
149
slow and steady the heart, giving it more time to rest during noncrisis time
parasympathetic nerves
150
What is the effect of epinephrine on heart rate?
It mimics sympathetic nerve stimulation and speeds up the heart rate.
151
resting heart is the fastest in a
fetus
152
Congestive heart failure is usually a progressive condition that reflects weakening of the heart by
coronary atherosclerosis
153
describe coronary atherosclerosis
clogging of the coronary vessels with fatty buildups
154
describe pulmonary edema
blood vessels within the lungs become swollen with blood, the pressure with them increases, and fluid leaks from the circulation into the lung tissue causing pulmonary edema
155
most noticable in the distal parts of the body
edema
