Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
Internal circulation in __________ cavity of coelenterates - E.g. Hydra
A
Gastrovascular
2
Q
_____ circulation is found in insects and arthropods.
A
open
3
Q
______ bathes organs in open sinuses - ___ (some/many/no) possibility of differential organ blood flow.
A
Hemolymph; no
4
Q
Open system organisms such as insects have no _____.
A
pigment
5
Q
A ______ invertebrate system contains a heart with interstitial fluid and small ____(branched/unbranched) vessels in each organ.
A
branched
6
Q
closed system organism have red ____. (hemoglobin)
A
pigment
7
Q
T or F: If an organism contains no hemolymph sinus it is an open system organism.
A
False; it is a closed system.
8
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Single atrium and ventricle filled with deoxygenated blood - accessory bulbus cordis in some fish
A
Single Series System
9
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
No coronary circulation - heart muscle supplied with O2 from deoxygenated blood in chambers limits pumping power
A
Single Series system
10
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
L (oxygenated blood) and R (largely deoxygenated blood) atria, single spongy ventricle
A
Parallel system
11
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Pulmocutaneous artery has pulmonary and cutaneous branches
A
Parallel system
12
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
> O2 exchange at lung, > CO2 exchange at skin - relative blood flow can be adjusted at 1
A
Parallel system
13
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Complete separation of pulmonary and systemic blood
A
Double series circulation
14
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Double series circulation
Complete separation of pulmonary and systemic blood
Heart muscle supplied with oxygen by a branch of the systemic circulation - coronary arteries
A
double series circulation
15
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Ventricle generates relatively low
pressure in ventral aorta which contains deoxygenated blood
A
Single Series system
16
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
High gill resistance to blood flow means further large pressure drop at gills
A
Single series system
17
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Flow has to be equal in the pulmonary and systemic circulations, or one would become volume loaded compared to the other (Starlings’ law of heart)
A
Double Series circulation
18
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Therefore cardiac output (5L/min) in man can be measured by doubling flow rate to one lung
A
Double series circulation
19
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Good flow separation in single ventricle - laminar flow - little mixing
A
parallel system
20
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Spiral valve in truncus maintains separation so oxygenated blood goes to tissues in aorta, relatively deoxygenated blood to lung and skin
A
parallel system
21
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Cardiac output (ml/min) can be different in systemic and pulmocutaneous circulations by adjusting relative resistance at 2
A
parallel system
22
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Adapted to periodic ventilation - blood diverted to lung while breathing and away from lung during apnea.
A
parallel system
23
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Advantage is that systemic circulation can operate at a high arterial pressure so that flow can be selective to organs and tissues
A
double series circulation
24
Q
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Pulmonary circulation is a low pressure, low resistance circuit
A
double series circulation
25
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
Low pressure in dorsal aorta limits ability to differentially distribute blood to tissues in response to demand
single series system
26
Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :
intermittnely breathes; not always breathing.
parallel system
27
T or F: Blood vessel structure is related to function
True
28
Arteries have _____ (thicker/thinner) walls to hold high pressure.
thicker
29
T or F: Vein and Artery passages are around the same diameter.
True
30
veins can store ____. They are collapseable and 70% of blood resides in veins.
blood.
31
Central arteries are like balloons and 2/3 valves in the heart are closed. _____ pump the rest of the time.
arteries
32
Central Artery wall stained to show medial layer with elastic fenestrated ______
laminae
33
capillaries are ___ cells thick.
one
34
Venous return of blood to heart is aided by limb muscle _____ and valves
pumps
35
a large vein contains _____ (few/many) layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue.
few
36
a large artery contains _____ (few/many) layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue.
many
37
a Venule contains _____ (few/many/ no ) smooth muscle fibers.
none
38
a Fenestrated capillary caries blood ____ (toward/away) from the heart and it contains capillary ____. liver (leaker)
toward ; pores
39
continuous capillaries carry blood ____ (toward/away) from the heart
away
40
advantage of ______ system is ability of differential tissue perfusion via capillary beds
closed
41
_____ (animals) use single series circulation.
fish
42
_____ (animals) use parallel circulation.
amphibian
43
_____ (animals) use double series circulation.
birds and mammals
44
large arteries are ______ (elastic/inelastic).
elastic
45
small arteries have ______ (more/fewer) elastic fibres.
fewer
46
Veins are relatively thin walled and _________ - contain _____
collapsable; valves
47
Capillary walls are composed of a single layer of Capillary walls are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells_______ cells
endothelial
48
Arteries _______ (increase/decrease) pulse pressure, are conduit vessels, arterioles control local flow by varying ______.
capillaries have ______(low/high) surface area for exchange with tissues - e.g. O2.
decrease; resistance;
high
49
Veins and venules are both conductance and _______vessels
capacitance
50
pulmonary veins transport blood _______(to/from) the heart.
to
51
pulmonary arteries transport blood _____ (to/from) the heart.
from.
52
T or F: ventricles of the heart actually wrap around eachother.
true
53
Atrial/ventricular valves are ______(active/passive), as are the pulmonary and aortic outflow valves
passive
54
Artificial heart valves work _____ (passively /actively)
passively
55
The _______ consists of small, modified muscle cells which generate the electrical signal that controls the heart.
SA node (sino-atrial node)
56
Cardiac pacemaker is a group of specialized _____ (nervous /muscle) cells.
muscle
57
T or F: Sino-atrial node is intrinsically leaky
true
58
Pathway of depolarization:
(1) Depolarize atria:
__ ____ depolarizes and signals the AV node.
SA node
59
Pathway of depolarization:
(2) Depolarize _____ from left to right
septum
60
Pathway of depolarization:
(3) depolarize anteroseptal region of _______ toward the apex.
myocardium
61
Pathway of depolarization:
(4) Depolarize bulk of ventricular myocardium, from endocardium to ________.
epicardium
62
Pathway of depolarization:
(5) Depolarize posterior portion of base of the____ (left/right) ventricle.
left
63
The Bundle of ___ are the left and right branches.
His
64
The ECG measures ______ events in the heart
electrical
65
SA node is located in the ______ atrium
right
66
P wave : ____ (ventricular/atrial) excitation (depolarization) This is during _______ (systole/diastole)
atrial; diastole
67
QRS complex : _______ excitation (depolarization) This begins systole
ventricular
68
T wave: ends systole; its ventricular ________ (depolarization/repolarization)
repolarization
69
ECG is a non-invasive way to spot abnormal _________ – “heart block”
conduction
70
A Normal Sinus Rhythm has a regular R-R interval and a normal __ interval.
PR
71
A Frist-Degree block has a _____ R-R interval and a long PR interval.
long
72
Second-Degree Block Type I has a ____ PR then a longer PR then NO __. PR begins again at normal interval.
long; R
73
Second Degree Block: type II normal PR followed by NO __.
R
74
Third Degree block: ___ is superimposed.
P
75
Flow and pressures in mammalian aorta of the heart? ____ / ___
120/80 mmHg
76
Mitral Valve closes >> __________ >>_____ valve closes >> _____ valve opens.
Aortic Valve opens; Aortic; Mitral valve opens.
77
P wave >> _____ >> T wave
QRS complex
78
Cardiac contraction is _____, meaning it is an intrinsic property of cardiac muscle cells
myogenic
79
Cells of the sino-atrial node (SA) node are the __________ cells –they spontaneously depolarize. They are specialized muscle cells that lack actin/myosin and drive depolarization in ordinary cardiac muscle
pacemaker
80
Depolarization spreads from cell membrane to cell membrane, via______ disks – low electrical resistance pathways
intercalated
81
Specialized electrical conduction pathways allow coordinated contraction of the ____ and ____ in the heart.
atria and ventricles
82
Slow electrical conduction at the__________ node gives time for the ventricles to fill before contracting
atrio-ventricular (AV)
83
_______ activity can be recorded by surface electrodes as the ECG – heart blocks can be detected
Electrical
84
Relationship between electrical and mechanical events in the cardiac cycle for the left ventricle - Ventricle fills >> ________ contraction >> ventricular ________ >> isovolumetric ________ >> ventricular filling
ventricular; ejection; relaxation;
85
A clinically useful way of looking at the heart is the pressure-volume loop for the ventricle – QRS complex coincides with ___________ contraction
iso-volumetric
86
During the isovolumetric contraction which valve closes? which valve opens?
mitral valve closes; aortic valve opens;
87
at the end of ventricular ejection the _____ valve closes.
aortic
88
During Isovolumetric relaxation the ____ valve opens
mitral valve
89
Basic Physics of the circulation:
Blood _______ is determined by total cross sectional area
velocity
90
Basic Physics of the circulation:
Cardiac output is determined using ________ and __________
heart rate; stroke volume
91
Basic Physics of the circulation:
Arterial pressure and Ohm’s law – uses what 2 variables?
pressure flow and resistance
92
Basic Physics of the circulation:
Arterioles and Poiseuille’s law uses what 2 variables?
radius and flow resistance
93
Basic Physics of the circulation:
__________ as an endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF) for erections.
Nitric Oxide
94
Formula: Pulse Pressure = ______ - ______
P systolic - P diastolic
95
The aorta _______(increases/dampens) pressure and flow pulses by storing volume in diastole
This is observed in the "________ model" of the Aorta.
dampens
| Windkessel
96
VELOCITY OF BLOOD FLOW IS __________ (DIRECTLY/INVERSELY) RELATED TO TOTAL CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
INVERSELY
97
DEFINE: Cardiac Output:
the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (mL blood/min).
98
Define : stroke volume
the volume of blood (mL) , pumped out of the heart with each beat.
99
If you increase heart rate what happens to cardiac output?
it increases
100
If you decrease stroke volume what happens to cardiac output?
decreases
101
Formula: Cardiac Output (mL/min) = _______ x ________
heart rate(beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/beat)
102
Person has a resting heart rate of 70 beats/minute and a resting stroke volume of 70 mL/beat. The cardiac output for this person at rest is:
Cardiac Output = 70 (beats/min) X 70 (mL/beat) = 4900 mL/minute.
103
Total volume of blood in the circulatory system of an average person is about ___ liters
5 L
104
cardiac output can increase up to __ fold
7
105
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) can be determined by what 2 variables?
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
106
Formula : MAP = ______ x _______
What is the name of this formula?
Cardiac Output X Total Peripheral Resistance (Ohm’s Law)
107
Cardiac output is a measure of blood flow into the arterial system. Blood flow is directly proportional to ______.
pressure
| (Flow = pressure/resistance),
108
Total _______ ______ (TPR): Blood vessels provide resistance to the flow of blood because of friction between moving ______ and the ____ of the vessel.
Peripheral Resistance;
| blood ; wall;
109
Because of their small radii, ________ provide the greatest resistance to blood flow.
arterioles
110
Resistance and pressure are ________ ( directly/indirectly) proportional to each other.
directly
111
When arterioles vasoconstrict, TPR ________(decreases/increases), which causes MAP to ________(decrease/increase).
increases; increases
112
Example: Mean arterial pressure is 100 mm Hg Cardiac output is 5000 ml/minute
What is the resistance?
P = Q x R (Ohms law) R = P/Q
R = 100/5000
= 0.02 mmHg/ml/min (PRU or peripheral resistance units)
113
Radius of ______ (the most important
| factor controlling TPR)
arterioles
114
The relationships between factors that effect resistance to blood flow are described by ________ Law.
Poiseuille's
115
Of all of the factors that effect blood flow, the _______ of the blood vessel is the most potent.
radius
116
rs that effect blood flow, the radius of the blood vessel is the most potent. Blood flow is proportional to the 4th power of vessel radius. This means that if the radius of a blood vessel doubles (by vasodilation) then the flow will increase ___ fold.
16
117
el is reduced by half (by vasoconstriction), then the blood flow will be reduced ___ fold.
16
118
EDRF ______(constricts/relaxes) vessels and reduces MAP by ______(increasing/reducing) TPR
relaxes ; reducing
119
Muscle + endothelium + Ach = ________(contraction/dilation)
dilation
120
Muscle + no endothelium + Ach = ________(contraction/dilation)
contraction
121
(Sandwich) Muscle 1 + endothelium + Muscle 2 + Ach = ________(contraction/dilation)
dilation.
122
Pulse pressure is ______(increased/reduced) by the elastic properties of the aorta
reduced
123
Flow velocity is _____(greatest/least) in the capillaries.
least
124
______ are the resistance vessels and cause the largest pressure drop
Arterioles
125
Ohm’s Law relates cardiac output(blood flow), _______ and mean arterial pressure (MAP) to each other
resistance
126
The most important factor determining flow resistance of a capillary bed is ________ ______. This can be changed by smooth muscle activity
arteriole radius;
127
EDRF (Example: ___ gas) is normally produced by the endothelium. This dilates vessels, reduces ________ and MAP (mean arterial pressure)
NO gas; resistance
128
The cerebral circulation autoregulates almost perfectly between mean blood pressures of __ and 130 mm Hg
60
129
If there is greater blood pressure, there is ____(less/more) constriction.
more
130
USUALLY MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE (MAP) IS WELL – REGULATED AT ABOUT _____mm Hg
100
131
__________ - sense stretch of elastic artery wall in systole
| These are located on both the ______ and the _____ artery.
Baroreceptors
| Aorta ; carotid artery
132
Carotid Sinus receptors linke to the ________ Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)
Glossopharyngeal
133
The Aortic Arch Baroreceptors connect to the _________ (Cranial Nerve X)
Vagus Nerve
134
CAROTID BARORECEPTORS ARE ___________ RECEPTORS LOCATED IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE SURROUNDING THE CAROTID SINUS (ADVENTITIA).
They read _____ and respond to ______
STRETCH
| pressure; stretch
135
Nerve impulses from baroreceptors _________ (increase/decrease) as MAP rises and __________(increase/decrease) if MAP falls
increase; decrease
136
Baroreceptors : more stretch = _____(more/less) firing
more
137
Baroreceptors are the most sensitive around _______ (high/low/normal) blood pressure
normal
138
CS hyper sensitivity syndrome prohibits any ______ ______.
neck stroking
139
________– ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM – LONGTERM REGULATION OF MEAN _________ PRESSURE
Renin; arteriole
140
___________________ (ANP) – REGULATION OF SODIUM, BLOOD VOLUME AND ULTIMATELY, _________ BLOOD PRESSURE
ATRIAL NATURETIC PEPTIDE; ARTERIAL
141
__________ – ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) – REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME AND _______ PRESSURE
VASOPRESSIN ;ARTERIAL
142
“Normal”arterial pressure is ____/__mmhg
120/80
143
Pressures above 140/90 are defined as : _______
hypertensive
144
Hypertension is usually caused by an ________(increased/decreased) peripheral resistance (Ohm’s law) and typically progresses with ___
increased; age
145
_________ or high blood pressure is Symptomless-but a major risk factor for stroke, and myocardial infarct (MI) (heart attack)
Hypertension
146
What is Usually treated with drugs that reduce cardiac output (Ca channel blockers) or reduce peripheral resistance (ANG II blockers), or lower the volume of circulating blood (diuretics).
Hypertension
147
_________ keeps flow to organs constant in spite of changes in MAP - if pressure is too high arterioles constrict - too low and they dilate
Autoregulation
148
_____ _______ _____ of MAP is by baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch
Rapid neural regulation
149
What respond to increased stretch of the vessel wall by increased afferent nerve firing frequency and vice-versa ?
baroreceptors
150
what can alter cardiac output and/or peripheral resistance (Ohm’s Law) to regulate MAP back towards normal values?
baroreceptors
151
The _______ control of pressure is most powerful around the normal value of MAP, is rapid, but weak compared to humoral control
baroreflex
152
_________ regulation of MAP is by hormones, one of which is angiotensin II (ANG II), a potent vasoconstrictor. Release is stimulated by hypotension in the renal artery via renin release
Longterm
153
Hemorrhage causes _________ because of loss of blood volume
hypotension
154
Both ______ and ________ mechanisms work to preserve a normal blood pressure in hemorrhage - they fail if too much volume is lost
baroreceptors; HUMORAL
155
Hypertension of unknown cause (“essential hypertension”) is a _____ (minor/major) public health concern
major
