Cardiovascular system

Question 1

3 components

Answer 1

1. Four-chambered heart
2. Blood vessels: veins and arteries.
3. Blood

Question 2

Pathway of blood through heart

Answer 2

left atrium–>left ventricle–>aorta–>arteries–>arterioles–>capillaries–>venules–>veins–>inferior/superior vena cava–>right atrium–>right ventricle–>pulmonary arteries–>lungs–>pulmonary vein–>left atrium.

Question 3

Veins

Answer 3

carry deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein)

Question 4

inferior/superior vena cava

Answer 4

largest vein in body.

Question 5

arteries

Answer 5

carry oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary artery).

Question 6

Aorta

Answer 6

largest artery in body

Question 7

atrium

Answer 7

thin walled, blood is received here (waiting room)

Question 8

ventricles

Answer 8

thick, and do the actual work of pumping blood.

Question 9

capillaries

Answer 9

arterioles that perfuse tissues.

Question 10

portal system

Answer 10

when blood passes thru 2 capillary beds.

Question 11

Heart

Answer 11

muscular organ made of cardiac muscle of varying thickness.

Question 12

coronary arteries

Answer 12

provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.

Question 13

4 valves

Answer 13

tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
pulmonary valve
aortic valve

Question 14

antrioventricular valves:

Answer 14

valves between atrium and ventricles.
tricuspid- right AV valve
bicuspid- left AV valve 
(LAB RAT)
close DURING CONTRACTION-SYSTOLE.

Question 15

Semilunar valves

Answer 15

valves protect the ventricles
pulmonary valve-right semilunar valve
aortic valve-left semilunar valve.
USED DURING RELAXATION-DIASTOLE)

Question 16

Contraction phases

Answer 16

1. Systole

2. diastole

Question 17

Systole

Answer 17

ventricular contraction, closure of the AV valves.
blood is pumped out of the ventricles
higher pressure.

Question 18

diastole

Answer 18

heart is relaxed and semilunar valves are closed. so blood is filling the ventricles from the atria.
decreased blood pressure.

Question 19

cardiac output

Answer 19

total blood volume that’s pumped by ventriole in a minute. (5 L/min in humans)
Heart rate x stroke volume.

Question 20

Control of cardiac output

Answer 20

ANS increases/decreasing heart rate to regulate cardiac output.
parasympathetic-slows heart rate by vagus nerve
sympathetic increases heart rate.

Question 21

Rhythmic contraction of cardiac muscle

Answer 21

originates in electric impules travelling thru pathway formed by 4 electrically excitable structures:

1. sinoartrial (SA) node.
2. atrioventricular (AV) node
3. Bundle of His
4. Purkinje fibers.

Question 22

Arteries

Answer 22

Stong, thick-walled structures.
Blood is carried away from the heart.
offer high resistant to flow of blood, so ventricles must generate high pressure.

Question 23

Veins

Answer 23

thin-walled inelastic vessels.
blood is carried to the heart.
total blood volume is mainly here.

Question 24

one-way valves

Answer 24

prevent back flow of blood in veins.

Question 25

skeletal muscle and veins

Answer 25

keep the blood moving forward, veins are squeezed as muscles contract.

Question 26

capillary

Answer 26

vessels with a single endothelial cell layer. allows for exchange of nutrients and gases very delicate.

Question 27

Blood pressure

Answer 27

potential difference between 2 points. - measured force/area exerted on wall of blood vessels - ratio of systolic/diastolic pressure.

Question 28

largest pressure drop

Answer 28

-across aterioles b/c capillaries and viens are thin walled and would not be able to handle pressure levels of arteriols.

Question 29

Blood composition

Answer 29

55% liquid | 45% cells

Question 30

Cells of blood

Answer 30

Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets

Question 31

hematoporetic stem cells

Answer 31

cells from bone marrow, where erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are composed from.

Question 32

Erythrocytes

Answer 32

- Red blood cells. - transport oxygen - each cell has about 250 million hemoglobin proteins. - biconcave disk shape, allow for traveling thru capillaries. - mature RBC lose their nuclei and mitochondria.

Question 33

leukocytes

Answer 33

white blood cells. increase during infection important part of immune system 2 classes and 5 types exist.

Question 34

2 classes of leukocytes

Answer 34

1. Granulocytes | 2. Agranulocytes.

Question 35

Granulocytes types (3)

Answer 35

- Neutrophils - eosinophils - Basophils these have cytoplasmic granules that are toxic and invade microbes. involved in inflammatory reactions.

Question 36

Agranulocytes types (2)

Answer 36

- lympocytes: B and T cells. Specific immune response. | - monocytes- macrophages

Question 37

platelets

Answer 37

``` cell fragments from breakup of cells known as megakaryocytes in the marrow. function is to clot blood. ```

Question 38

Blood antigens

Answer 38

surface proteins on cells.