Cardiovascular System: ECGs, Cardiac Arrhythmias, & Arterial & Venous Systems,

Question 1

What are the components of the ECG?

The P wave represents depolarization of the atria on an ECG. This is followed by the QRS interval, which |

Answer 1

The P wave –> the QRS interval ———-> the ST segment —-> T wave ————-> U wave

Question 2

P Wave

Answer 2

ECG - Represents atrial depolarization

Question 3

QRS Interval

Answer 3

ECG - Represents ventricular depolarization

Question 4

ST Segment

Answer 4

ECG - Represents the period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

Question 5

T Wave

Answer 5

ECG - Represents ventricular repolarization.

Question 6

Elastic Arteries

Answer 6

Largest arteries (includes the aorta and major branches). Stretch when blood forced out of heart + recoil under low pressure.

Question 7

Tunic Media

Answer 7

Middle layer of blood vessels; smooth muscle and elastic fibers, regulate vessel diameter. More elastin than any other vessels.

Question 8

Cardiac arrhythmias

Answer 8

Abnormal heart beats; damage to the conduction system during major cardiac surgery or result of a myocardial infarction

Question 9

Bradyarrhythmias

Answer 9

Abnormally slow pulse rates

Question 9

Complete atrioventricular block (AV block)

Answer 9

Bradyarrhythmia: may be congenital or a response to surgical trauma.

hypotension and decrease in oxygenation. |

Question 9

What are 3 types of bradyarrhythmia

Answer 9

1. Complete atrioventricular block (AV block)
2. Sinus bradycardia
3. Junctional/nodal rhythms

hypotension and decrease in oxygenation. |

Question 10

Sinus bradycardia

Answer 10

Bradyarrhythmia: caused by autonomic nervous system or hypotension and decrease in oxygenation.

Question 11

Junctional/nodal rhythm

Answer 11

Bradyarrhythmia: occur post-surgical patients with no P wave.

Question 12

Tachyarrhythmias

Answer 12

Abnormally fast pulse rates

Question 13

Sinus tachycardia

Answer 13

Tachyarrhythmia: caused by fever and infection

Question 14

Supraventricular tachycardia

Answer 14

Tachyarrhythmia (200-300 BPM) may have a sudden onset and result in congestive heart failure.

heart failure.

Question 15

Conduction irregularities

Answer 15

Type of cardiac arrhythmia; Post-operative insignificant irregular pulses

Question 16

Premature contractions

Answer 16

Type of cardiac arrhythmia; may arise from the atria or ventricles.

Question 17

What are the 3 layers of the walls of blood vessels?

Answer 17

1. Tunica intima
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica adventitia

Question 18

Tunica intima

Answer 18

Innermost wall of blood vessel

Question 19

Tunica media

Answer 19

Middle wall of blood vessel; smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

Question 20

Tunica adventitia

Answer 20

Outermost wall of blood vessel

Question 21

5 Types of Blood Vessels

Answer 21

1. Elastic arteries
2. Muscular arteries
3. Arterioles
4. Venules
5. Veins

Question 22

Elastic arteries

Answer 22

The aorta and major branches.
1. Largest vessels
2. Tunica media = more elastin than any other blood vessel
3. They STRETCH & Recoil

Question 23

Muscular arteries

Answer 23

The arteries branching off elastic arteries. 1. Tunica media = more smooth muscle cells, less elastic fibers 2. Regulate blood flow by vasoconstriction/vasodilation.

Question 24

Arterioles

Answer 24

Tiny vessels - LEAD to capillary beds + *PRIMARILY* vasoconstriction and vasodilation; control blood flow to capillaries. 1. Tunica media = thin/composed 2. Made of smooth muscle cells.

Question 25

Venules

Answer 25

Tiny vessels - EXIT capillary beds + empty blood into larger veins. 1. Thin, porous walls 2. Few muscle cells and elastic fibers.

Question 26

Veins

Answer 26

Vessels that carry blood back to heart. 1. Thin tunica media and tunica intima 2. wide lumen 3. valves prevent backflow of blood.

Question 27

Blood pressure is highest in ________; Lowest in ________.

Answer 27

Aorta; Vena Cava

Question 28

Where does the steepest drop in blood pressure occur?

Answer 28

Arterioles

Question 29

2 Types of blood flow?

Answer 29

1. Turbulent 2. Laminar

Question 30

Turbulence (blood flow)

Answer 30

Unsteady, swirling flow of blood occurring because 1. high velocity, 2. blood encounters obstruction, 3. vessels take sharp turn or narrow suddenly. PRODUCES SOUNDS.

Question 31

Laminar blood flow

Answer 31

Steady, streamlined flow of blood occurring throughout most of the circulatory system. SILENT.