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NUR 333 > cardiovascular week 2 > Flashcards

cardiovascular week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Afterload

A

the resistance to the ejection of blood from the left ventricle. (The work the heart must overcome to fully eject blood from the left ventricle).

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2
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute.

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3
Q

Normal Cardiac output at rest

A

4-8L/minute

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4
Q

Cardiac output =____ x ____

A

CO= stroke volume x HR

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5
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

the % of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each contraction.

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6
Q

Normal ejection fraction

A

50% is normal
less than 40% is heart failure

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7
Q

Hypertension

A

disease characterized by elevated BP persistently >120/80.
Causes adverse affects to arterial walls —> changes in arterial walls increase peripheral vascular resistance (PVR).
Diagnose: average of 2 or more readings on at least 2 subsequent healthcare visits above 120/80.

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8
Q

Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)

A

amount of effort the heart has to overcome in order to get the blood out of the heart and into the periphery (wears the heart out over time—> increases HTN and causes HF).

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9
Q

Hypotension

A

SBP falls <90—> organs not getting perfused.

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10
Q

What causes hypotension?

A

-dilation of arteries
-bleed/dehydration (loss of blood volume)
-failure of heart muscle to pump.

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11
Q

Infarction

A

obstruction of the blood supply to an organ/region of tissue (dvt/embolus)—> causing local death of tissue.

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12
Q

Necrosis

A

death of cells/tissue through disease or injury (lack of blood flow).

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13
Q

Ischemia

A

inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to all/part of a tissue/organ as a result of an obstructed/constricted blood vessel.

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14
Q

myocardial contractility

A

ability of heart muscle to contract (how hard it contracts).

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15
Q

Preload

A

volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (end diastolic pressure). Increased in hypervolemia.

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16
Q

pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

blood clot that has developed in a blood vessel and traveled to an artery in the lungs- suddenly forms a blockage of blood flow.

17
Q

pulse pressure

A

(blood pressure):
-top number: max pressure the heart exerts while beating (systolic).
-bottom number: amount of pressure in the arteries between beats (diastolic).

18
Q

pulse alternans

A

Regular rhythm but strength of the pulse varies with each beat- ventricle systolic impairment. Ex: Heart failure.

19
Q

stroke

A

blood supply interrupted or reduced to part of the brain- brain cells die.

20
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.

21
Q

venous-thombo embolism

A

VTE: blood clot form in the vein (includes DVT and PE).

22
Q

Blood pressure Category: Elevated

A

S: 120-129
AND
D: Less than 80
-Check every year.

23
Q

Blood pressure Category:
Normal

A

S: Less than 120
AND
D: Less than 80
-Check more at home, lifestyle changes (heart healthy diet, exercise).

24
Q

Blood pressure Category:
High BP
(Hypertension) Stage 1

A

S: 130-139
OR
D: 80-89
-Drug therapy, 36 month checks, continue life style changes.

25
Q

Blood pressure Category:
High BP
(Hypertension) Stage 2

A

S: 140 or higher
OR
D: 90 or higher
-Drug therapy w/in the month/immediately; lifestyle modifications.

26
Q

Blood pressure Category
Hypertensive Crisis
(consult your doctor immediately)

A

S: HIGHER than 180
and/or
D: HIGHER than 120

27
Q

Changes in arterial walls cause…

A

INCREASED peripheral vascular resistance.

28
Q

If stroke volume decreases, the HEART will…

A

INCREASE to maintain cardiac output (compensatory mechanism).

29
Q

Perfusion

A

Passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or tissue.

30
Q

Without perfusion…

A

tissues die b/c O2 cant get to where it belongs. We need good peripheral perfusion.

31
Q

Symptoms of hypertension

A

dizziness, headache, heart palpitation, nosebleed, short breath, anger, red face, visual problems, fatigue, insomnia, sore knee, raised temp…

32
Q

Symptoms of hypotension

A

Skin: pallor, skin mottling, clamminess; Decreased perfusion to brain-light headedness, dizzy, syncope; blurred vision; chest pain (angina); Increased HR (rapid or weak); decreased urine output; nausea/vomiting.

33
Q

Treatment of Hypotension:

A

Treat the cause:
Vasodilation
Loss of blood volume
Failure of the heart to pump.

34
Q

How to diagnose orthostatic hypotension:

A

-Measure BP & HR in supine, sitting & standing
-Measure BP w/in 3 minutes of position changes
-Monitor BP, Pulse & symptoms

35
Q

What is the only reliable tool to detect VTE

A

ultrasound

36
Q

Diagnostics related to cardiovascular system for fundamentals

A

-Complete blood count (Hgb & Hct only
-Fasting Lipid Panel (cholesterol: LDL, HDL, cholesterol).
-Chest X-Ray
-Electrocardiography

37
Q

5 - Ps

A

Pain
Pulse
Pallor
Paresthesia
Paralysis

NUR 333 (2 decks)

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