Cardiovasuclar

Question 1

What system hold most of the blood and why?

Answer 1

The venous system, serves as a reservoir, releasing more blood into circulation when needed (e.g., during exercise)

Question 2

How do arteries and veins differ regarding blood flow?

Answer 2

Unlike arteries that resist blood flow, veins expand to hold extra blood

Question 3

How do lower limbs return blood to the heart?

Answer 3

Venous pressure is low, so in lower limbs, veins pass between skeletal muscle groups which provide contractions to help move blood back (skeletal muscle pump)

Question 4

How do the abdominal and thoracic regions return blood to the heart?

Answer 4

In abdominal and thoracic regions breathing+contraction of the diaphragm+pressure in the abdomen from breathing squeezes the veins and helps blood return to the heart

Question 5

What structural feature is present in the tunica media of the aorta and large arteries?

Answer 5

Numerous layers of elastin fibers between smooth muscle cells.

Question 6

When do large elastic arteries expand?

Answer 6

when pressure of blood rises when ventricles contract

Question 7

What drives blood during diastole (when heart is at rest)

Answer 7

Elastic recoil

Question 8

How many capillaries in body?

Answer 8

over 40 billion

Question 9

What is vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Answer 9

Vasoconstriction - Decreases blood flow to the capillary bed
Vasodilation - Increases blood flow to the capillary bed

Question 10

What are capillary walls like?

Answer 10

Capillary walls have a single layer with no smooth muscle or connective tissue, allowing easy blood and tissue exchanges

Question 11

What occurs at the arterial end of capillaries?

Answer 11

Blood pressure pushes oxygen, nutrients, and small molecules out to surrounding tissue.

Question 12

What occurs at the venous end of capillaries?

Answer 12

Osmotic pressure pulls waste and carbon dioxide back into the capillary.

Question 13

What connects the nasal cavity to the larynx?

Answer 13

The pharynx which is a muscular passage that links connects to the nasal cavity and then connects to the larynx

Question 14

What happens in the larynx?

Answer 14

Air is diverted to lungs, food diverted to stomach, and contains vocal cords

Question 15

What do pores and lung tissues allow?

Answer 15

Through pores, air can pass from one alveolus to another

Question 16

What happens to the chest and diaphragm when breathing in?

Answer 16

Chest expands, Diaphragm contracts

Question 17

What is lung compliance?

Answer 17

Lung compliance is the change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure (dV/dP).

Higher compliance means greater expansion at a given pressure.

Question 18

What does lung disease cause to lungs?

Answer 18

Lung disease reduces compliance, making expansion harder.

Question 19

What happens to chest and diaphragm when breathing out?

Answer 19

Chest contracts, diaphragm relaxes.

Lungs shrink when tension is released, requiring elasticity which is the ability to return to their original size after stretching.

Question 20

Why are lungs elastic?

Answer 20

Lungs are elastic due to high elastin protein content

Question 21

What does lungs being attached to chest wall do?

Answer 21

maintains constant elastic tension. This tension increases during inhalation as the lungs stretch and decreases during exhalation due to elastic recoil.

Question 22

What attaches the lung to the chest wall?

Answer 22

Pleural membranes

Question 23

What does pleural membrane secrete?

Answer 23

Secretes mucus rich pleural fluid into plural space

Question 24

What are two things that pleural fluid do?

Answer 24

holds the two pleural membrane layers together, also the lubricant that allows lungs to slide within thoracic cavity as they inflate and deflate

Question 25

What is a case where surface tension needs to be reduced and what happens?

Answer 25

Fluid in alveolar creates surface tension which can cause alveolar collapse during exhalation. Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant which reduces surface tension

Question 26

What are the 4 categories of lung volumes?

Answer 26

Tidal volumes: Air inhaled or exhaled in normal breath Inspiratory reserve: Extra air inhaled beyond tidal volume during forced breathing Expiratory reserve : Extra air exhaled beyond tidal volume during forced breathing Residual volume: Air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Question 27

What are the 4 categories of lung capacities?

Answer 27

Total lung capacity: Air in lungs after maximum inhalation Vital capacity: Maximum air exhaled after maximum inhalation Inspiratory capacity: Maximum air inhaled after normal exhalation Functional residual capacity: Air left in lungs after normal exhalation

Question 28

What does hemoglobin contain and where is it present?

Answer 28

Contains iron and is present in the cytoplasm red blood cells

Question 29

What does hemoglobin combine with and release?

Answer 29

O2

Question 30

What does hemoglobin act as regarding O2?

Answer 30

Acts as an O2 shuttle from the lungs to body tissues

Question 31

What does hemoglobin do regarding CO2?

Answer 31

Hemoglobin carries CO2 from tissues to lungs

Question 32

In the lungs, what does high pH promote?

Answer 32

O2 binding

Question 33

In tissues, what does low pH cause?

Answer 33

O2 release

Question 34

What happens in the lungs regarding CO2 and pH?

Answer 34

In the lungs, CO2 moves from blood to alveoli, lowering blood CO2 and increasing pH

Question 35

What happens in tissues regarding CO2, O2 and pH

Answer 35

In tissues, high CO2 from cell activity lowers O2 and lowers pH

Question 36

What does plasma acidity affect?

Answer 36

Plasma acidity, influenced by CO2, affects oxygen binding to hemoglobin