Cards Flashcards

Question

Mutation

Answer 1

Errors in DNA Lead to different variations The stuff that evolution works on

Answer 2

NOT natural selection “Random” Change in surviving and reproducing Things just survive, but not because they’re more fit Not because they have a better chance of survival E.g. Stepping on Bugs Step on mainly Green Bugs instead of Brown Bugs. Not intentional. Most common in small populations Genes drift by random chance E.g. Elephant Seal In the 1800s were hunted down Had a small population Set up protective law to not make them go extinct Only current animal's’ genes passed on to next generations

Answer 3

Coevolution, Convergent, Extinction, Gradualism, Punctuated Evolution, Adaptive Radiation

Answer 4

A change of two or more organisms in close association with each other E.g. insect pollinators coevolved with plants they pollinate Hummingbirds and tube shaped flower

Answer 5

Organisms appear similar but are not closely related Happens when the environment selects similar traits E.g. Sharks and Dolphins E.g. Birds and Butterflies

Answer 6

99.9% of all species are extinct 5 Cataclysmic Events Most population perished in one of the 5 Possibly in 6th mass extinction right now

Answer 7

Gradual change over time | Slow evolution

Answer 8

Rapid evolution Caused by major environmental changes After disasters

Answer 9

A species evolves into a wide variety of highly specialized species E.g. Finches

Answer 10

``` No life Bombardment by meteors HOT temperatures Not blue atmosphere CO2 NH3 (ammonia) CH4 (methane) H2O (g) Only a little of O2 ```

Answer 11

``` Happened in the water 1) Miller - Urey Experiment Mixed Chemicals: chemicals that were around during early earth, heat, and light (lightning) Made amino acids and nucleic acids Earth chemicals + lightning spark + warm early Earth (heat) --> simple organic compounds 2) Phospholipid bilayers spontaneously form Membrane spheres trapped chemicals First Fossils 3) ~3.6 BYA first life fossils Prokaryotes 4) ~3.4 BYA fossils: stromatolites Cyanobacteria ```

Answer 12

Gases given an electric shock formed building blocks of life | Amino acids, Fatty acids, Hydrocarbons

Answer 13

Hydrothermal vents | Aboard meteorites

Answer 14

``` Fatty acids (lipids) for membrane Enzymes (to do all the work/catalyze reactions for cell) Genetic material (to transmit the information from parent to offspring) Possibly started as RNA ```

Answer 15

Cenozoic: present-65 million years ago Mesozoic: age of the dinosaurs (65 million years ago-245 million years ago) Paleozoic: Started 544 million years ago Precambrian time: 540 million years ago-the beginning of the earth

Answer 16

Relative dating Comparing where fossils are found in Earth's (rock) layers Absolute Dating Use radioactivity in elements to compare ages

Answer 17

``` First cells were anaerobic prokaryotes Anaerobic: live without oxygen Around for a long time Aerobic: live with oxygen Among the first life forms Cyanobacteria Unicellular Photosynthetic release oxygen into atmosphere ```

Answer 18

``` Almost 90% of Earth’s History 1st 4 billion years of Earth’s history 1.5 BYA: unicellular eukaryotes 2.5 BYA: multicellular eukaryotes 4 billion years of evolution ```

Answer 19

Make some of the anaerobic prokaryotes go extinct Oxygen is an electron hog Made it possible for aerobic respiration to evolve O2 forms O3 (ozone), which blocks UV rays and makes possible life on land Water Blocks UV rays too Oxygen allows for bigger life

Answer 20

2.5 BYA cyanobacteria add O2 to Earth’s atmosphere 530 MYA fish evolve in the oceans 430 MYA plants and fungi move onto land 420 MYA arthropods are first animals to move onto land 370 MYA amphibians are vertebrates to live on land 340 MYA reptiles evolved from amphibians 250 MYA dinosaurs evolve and come to dominate Earth 200 MYA first mammals evolve 65 MYA last mass extinction 0.5 MYA first Homo sapiens

Answer 21

``` 544-245 MYA Invertebrates already present 1st appearance of: Vertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Insects Land animals (including reptiles) Plants ```

Answer 22

``` 245-65 MYA Age of dinosaurs 1st appearance of: Flowering plants Birds Mammals little ones ```

Answer 23

``` 65 MYA - Present Time Age of mammals Only because dinosaurs went extinct Life always fills open niches Grasses Appeared 1st Hominids The family humans are in 1st humans ```

Answer 24

``` Kingdom First eukaryotes on Earth Simpler eukaryotes Lack tissue ~1.5 BYA Reproduce Sexually Asexually Have organelles Mostly Unicellular Vary in: Size Type Method of acquiring energy Classified as: Protozoa Algae Fungus-like ```

Answer 25

Protozoa, Molds (fungus-like), Algae (plant-like)

Answer 26

"First Animals" Four Major Groups: Ciliates, Amoebas, Flagellates, Sporozoans (don't move) All unicellular

Answer 27

Heterotrophs Cannot produce their own food Types: Slime molds and Water molds

Answer 28

``` Range from microscopic to huge seaweeds Autotrophic (make their own food) Mostly aquatic Major groups: Algae and Phytoplankton ```

Answer 29

``` Phylum Ciliophora Unicellular Heterotrophs Move by beating thousands of their short, hair-like projections called cilia Moving hair back and forth to propel themselves Habitats: Marine and Freshwater E.g. Paramecium and Stentor ```

Answer 30

``` Phylum Rhizopoda Unicellular Heterotrophs Habitats: Water and Soil Use pseudopodia for engulfing food and moving place to place (Pseudopodia - foot-like extension of cytoplasm) [Used for movement or feeding] (Oozes to move) ```

Answer 31

``` Belong to several different phyla Move using one or more long, whiplike flagella flagella-tail E.g. Dinoflagellates Euglena ```

Answer 32

``` Also called Apicomplexa Animal Parasites Live inside another organism Complex life cycle Involved in multiple hosts Carried in blood of host One type can cause malaria Plasmodium Goes with the flow ```

Answer 33

Includes: Diatoms and some dinoflagellates Unicellular Photosynthetic Basis of many aquatic and marine food webs Protective coats made of silica or calcium carbonate Shell-like part Protist, but usually grouped in algae group Types of Algae: Green, Red, and Brown

Answer 34

Phylum Chlorophyta Unicellular or multicellular Habitats: Water and Damp Soil

Answer 35

Phylum Rhodophyta Multicellular Habitat: Deep, warm ocean waters

Answer 36

``` Multicellular Among largest organisms on Earth Habitats: Oceans and Coast Provide Shelter to other Organisms ```

Answer 37

``` Purpose: to keep reproducing Slime molds Cell walls made of chitin Form plasmodia Used to be individual cells When confronted with unfavorable conditions, they form durable spores that can withstand the conditions Water molds Cell walls made of cellulose (like plants!) Habitat Fresh Water Can be hazardous to plants/animals ```

Answer 38

``` Use spores to reproduce Thread like bodies Made of long slender filaments called hyphae Dense group of hyphae Mycelium Non photosynthetic decomposers (Saprobes) Parasites Fungal cell walls Made of chitin ```

Answer 39

Hyphae are loosely woven through the soil and tightly packed in the body of the mushroom Hyphae form a tangled mass, Often many meters long Called a mycelium In some fungi, hyphae also form rootlike structures called rhizoids

Answer 40

``` Not photosynthetic Mushroom Yeast Unicellular Only type of fungi that is unicellular Used in bread and beer making Moldhi ```

Answer 41

Lichens: An association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner Can survive in extreme environments Mycorrhizae: Algae or cyanobacteria An association between fungi and the roots of nearly all plants Fungal hyphae Grow inside or around the plant root and out into the soil

Answer 42

Fungi and Industry Fungi used for: Food, Medicines, Fuels, Pest Control

Answer 43

Decompose organic matter by: | breaking down and absorbing minerals from rock

Answer 44

``` Cause disease: Absorb nutrients and produce toxins Dermatophytes (Fungi that affect skin and nail) many fungi produce dangerous toxins ```

Answer 45

Bacteria in your mouth > Animals on the planet Over 4,000 species have been named Each square centimeter of your skin averages about 100,000 bacteria

Answer 46

``` Primitive prokaryotes Ancestors to eukaryotes Many (not all) live in extreme environments Methanogens Produce methane gas Cannot be exposed to oxygen Live at the bottoms of swamps sewage Our intestines Halophiles Live in high salt concentrations Thermophiles Live in high temperatures Found in hot springs, hydrothermal vents Cells walls lack peptidoglycan ```

Answer 47

``` Decomposers Most bacteria species are decomposers Recycle nutrients so producers can use them Pathogens (“Disease Causing”) Mutualistic (mutualism) E.g., In human gut (digestive system) they help us digest and make some essential vitamins Make Vitamin B Vitamin K Nitrogen Fixers Cyanobacteria and Rhizobium Photosynthetic Cyanobacteria Chemoautotroph E.g., in deep sea vents (convert H2S into C6H12O6) ```

Answer 48

``` Cell walls of kingdom bacteria contain peptidoglycan Gram stain measure how much Looks purple once stained Test helps to select antibiotic treatment Found in Three Forms Named based on shape Bacillus Pill rod Streptobacillus Chains In a row Staphylobacillus Clump of cocci grapelike/ cluster Coccus Sphere Streptococci Chains In a row Staphylococci Clump of cocci grapelike/ cluster Spirillum Spiral ```

Answer 49

``` Asexual Binary Fission Splits into two Exact Copies Transformation Way to increase genetic variation Takes up foreign DNA Usually plasmids Plasmids - extra small pieces of DNA Might be something beneficial for them in foreign that DNA Interesting ways to increase genetic variation Always DNA around Bacterial Conjugation Increase genetic variation Pili - straw like appendage Swap pieces of DNA through pili Usually swap plasmids Easier to keep in Closest thing they have to sex ```

Answer 50

``` No metabolism No growth No homeostasis Can evolve Can reproduce, but not on their own Host cells are required Take over host DNA polymerase makes more virus DNA RNA polymerase Ribosomes Genetic material in protein coat ```

Answer 51

``` Contain nucleic acids DNA or RNA Surrounded by a protein coat Called capsid May also have an envelope and/or tail fibers Some are used in research and medicine Some are harmful Some are harmless ```

Answer 52

``` Some kill their hosts quickly Others can infect live hosts for long periods of time Vaccines stimulate the immune system to protect itself Examples of Viruses Common Cold Rhinovirus Flu Influenza virus Smallpox Measles HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immune system becomes extremely weak Can Cause Aids In the last stage of the virus Hepatitis Multiple Varieties HPV Human Papillomavirus Transmitted through sexual contact Some versions can cause cervical cancer On T cells Mono Kissing Disease Transmitted through saliva ```

Answer 53

1) virus attaches to a bacterial cell and injects DNA 2) viral DNA enters the lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle Lytic Cycle 3) new viruses are made inside the bacterial cell 4) cell breaks open and releases the viruses 5) process starts over again Lysogenic Cycle: 3) viral DNA integrates with host DNA. the combined DNA structure is called a provirus 4) host cell divides normally and reproduces the viral DNA along with its own 5) provirus may enter the lytic cycle

Answer 54

Dead or weakened bacteria are injected or taken orally (by mouth) E.g. Flu Shot The person’s immune system builds up an army of white blood cells that respond to that type of bacteria When the real bacteria comes along, the body fights it off before the person gets symptoms Vaccines stimulate the growth of antibodies (proteins) that will target molecules found in the vaccines in order to fight it off later Vaccines can be made for viral diseases

Answer 55

``` Cuticle Waxy material Ground tissue Has mesophyll cells Lots of photosynthesis Low epidermis Lower part of leaf Upper epidermis Higher part of leaf Vascular bundle Vein Guard cells Surround stomata Guard the amount of water loss through the stomata Chloroplasts Outside of stomata Stomata Openings Pores Holes Oxygen come in and out from hole Surrounded by guard cells Swell up and pop out making stomata open Or close the stomata so water does not ‘escape’ Many types of Leaves Compound Has leaflets Have ‘veins’ ```

Answer 56

Nonvascular Plants, Seedless Vascular Plants, Nonflowering Seed Plants (gymnosperms), Flowering Seed Plants (angiosperms)

Answer 57

``` Moved onto land Phylum Bryophyta Mosses Phylum Hepatophyta Liverworts ```

Answer 58

``` Evolve vascular tissue Have Roots Have Stems Have Leaves Still reproduce via drought-resistant spores Phylum Lycophyta Club mosses Spores produced in a cone-like structure Live in swamps, tropics Phylum Pterophyta Ferns Produce spores under their leaves Found mostly in tropics ```

Answer 59

``` Evolved seeds Cones Male parts Pollen Female parts Big, huge Pollinated by wind for the most part Phylum Ginkgophyta Ginkgoes Ancient trees of the dinosaur era Phylum Coniferophyta Conifers Needle-like leaves reduce water loss Includes oldest and tallest of living trees Phylum Cycadophyta Cycads Short stems and palm-like leaves Phylum Gnetophyta Gnetophytes Trees, shrubs, and vines Seeds produced in flower-like structures Used to make ephedra ```

Answer 60

``` Phylum Anthophyta Evolved flowers Produce seeds within protective fruits Most successful plants Important food source for humans Often evolved alongside animal pollinators Divided into monocots and dicots Monocots One cotyledon Leaves with parallel, straight veins Flowers part in multiples of 3 Vascular bundles scattered in stem Fibrous root systems Dicots Two cotyledons Leaves with branching veins Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissues in ring in stem Taproot system ```

Answer 61

``` Sunlight Carbon Dioxide Water Oxygen Plant waste Glucose Glucose + Glucose+ Glucose = Plant cells ```

Answer 62

Energy currency of the cell Why ATP is useful as energy currency: Small amounts of energy Energy is easily and quickly spent and recharged; provides energy “right now!”

Answer 63

``` ATP → (can recharge)ADP (uncharged) + energy (which is used) + P A-P-P-P (charged, usable) --> A-P-P (uncharged) + energy + P Adenosine Triphosphate Active transport Movement Building new molecules When energy is needed ATP → ADP+P= energy for cell activity ```

Answer 64

Glucose is used to make ATP 1 Glucose stores 90x the energy of ATP ATP efficiently transfers energy into the small amounts needed by the cell ATP is only for very short-term storage (seconds) ATP keeps getting “recharged’

Answer 65

``` Chlorophyll Bacteria is good at absorbing other colours other than green Green is reflected Green because of this 80% of green light is collected Absorbs other colours well Blue and red particularly Why Chlorophyll? Helps spread nutrients and energy Sugar photosynthesis ```

Answer 66

``` Aquatic Plant Visible cell wall Each cell has multiple chloroplasts The structure Cytochlorplasts Thylakoid Membrane-covered sacs Where light-dependent reactions occur Outer membrane Chlorophyll molecules Inner membrane Stroma Where Calvin Cycle takes place Chloroplasts cytoplasm outside the gram Lumen “Thylakoid’s Cytoplasm” Inside of thylakoid Granum Stack of thylakoid Membrane covered sacs thylakoid on membrane chlorophyll molecules ```

Answer 67

``` 1. Light Reactions (Light Dependent) Inputs: Light and water come in Outputs: Oxygen Energy stored in ATP and NADPH Involves Water Light ATP & NADPH Energy molecules are charged and ready for use 2. Calvin Cycle (Light Independent) Inputs: CO2 Carbon dioxide gas Energy stored in ATP and NADPH Outputs: Glucose NADP+ ADP + P Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis Carbon dioxide More CO2 Lots of glucose Happens faster Light Intensity More light Heat Increases making things faster Temperature Increased temperature Little increase Faster Big increase Not good Decreased temperature Slower ```

Answer 68

``` Multicellular (mostly) Photosynthetic Autotrophs First organisms to move onto land Non-locomotive Unique cell walls Dominant Land Organisms Based on Weight Vary greatly in size Algae are NOT plants No tissues ```

Answer 69

``` Tissue: Vascular- Not present in more primitive plants Strands of cells that carry fluids and dissolved nutrients throughout a plant Two kinds: Xylem: Carries water and minerals upward Transpiration, cohesion, and osmosis Made of dead tissues; “little straws” Phloem: Carries sugar upward or downward Sugar is produced from photosynthesis Made of living cells, Dermal ‘Tissue’- Covers the outside of the plant’s body Covers roots, stems, and leaves Epidermis in nonwoody plants Secretes the cuticle Helps roots absorb water Outer covering Cork in woody plants Composed of several layers of dead cells Core part, Ground- Any tissue that is not dermal, vascular, or meristematic Site of photosynthesis and food storage Most of the plant’s “insides” “Meaty” part Cortex and pith Pith - center Cortex - outside, Meristematic- Regions of new plant growth Located at tips of stems, branches, and roots Cells are alike at first, then differentiate Two types of growth: Primary Plants grow up and down Length growth Secondary Plants growth in thickness Girth growth, Shoots and roots- Adaptations for living on land Shoots: Above ground parts of plant Roots: Below Ground Anchor plant Store Food Absorb Nutrients, Stems- Support leaves Contain vascular tissues Can be woody or nonwoody Includes: Nodes Connect stem and branch Internodes Between two nodes Petioles Branch branching off, Leaves ```

Answer 70

``` Ovule: Female reproductive part Pistil Stigma: Sticky thing that catches pollen Style Ovary: Holds the ovule Stamen: Male reproductive part Anther Filament Petal: Attracts animal pollinators ```

Answer 71

``` Have hormones: AUXINS- Promote plant growth Can inhibit growth of lateral buds, GIBBERELLINS- Stimulate stem elongation, fruit development, and seed growth Growth in general Important in agriculture Important commercially Makes fruits “big, fat, and juicy”, CYTOKININS- Stimulate cell division Slow the aging of some plants Commercially significant Add cytokinins to fruits and flowers to slow aging Can last longer, ETHYLENE- Promotes the ripening of fruits Release Ethylene Gives a ripened smell Produced by rotting fruits, ABSCISIC ACID- Prevents seed growth under unfavorable conditions Allows plant to stop seed growth in winter Causes stomata to close ```

Answer 72

``` Tropisms Growing towards _____ Gravity Touching Something Else Sun Phototropism Heliotropism Turn towards sun as it crosses the sky Growing toward the light of the sun Gravitropism Due to Gravity Positive or negative Going up or down E.g. trees & shoots almost always grow up E.g. roots almost always grow down Thigmotropism Found in vines Swing until they can touch something Then grow around it Photoperiodism Different light exposition Growth due to different forms of light Some plants thrive in little light Others in lots of Light Light in varying amounts Different results Amounts of light that plants need Temperature Dormacy Change in leaf colour Leaf dropping Not budding Plants tend to like warm weather Nastic movements Plant movements not controlled by the direction of a stimulus E.g. Venus Fly Trap Quick, reflex movement ```

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