Careers Flashcards
(18 cards)
What is the role of psychologists in careers?
Guide individuals toward occupations & career counselling
Examine what predicts career success & disadvantages of women & minorities
Develop career maps
Look at how careers are managed
What is Eriksons theory of career development?
8 stages of development, drawn from Freudian influences
Split equally between childhood & adult
Proposed conditions to resolve at each stage
Final 4 stages most important for careers
What are Eriksons stages?
Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame/ doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferior
Adulthood
Identity vs role confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Ego integrity vs despair
What occurs at Eriksons 4 adult stages?
I vs RC - young adults seek identity (adolescent identity crisis), type of career wanting to pursue
I vs I - ability to form close relationships without losing identity, no relationship = isolation
G vs S - passing of knowledge to younger generation, coming to terms with mortality
EI vs D - accept identity without regret, work plays role in life satisfaction & identity,
What is Levinson theory?
Originated from 40 American males 35-45
Differentiated 3 stages of adulthood (early, middle, late)
What are Levinsons 10 stages?
Early adult transition (17-22) (leaving family)
Entering adult world (22-28) (getting into adult world)
Age 20 transition (28-33)
Settling down (33-40) (settle down)
Midlife transition (40-45) (becoming own man)
Entering midlife adulthood (45-50)
Age 50 transition
Culmination of middle adulthood
Late adulthood transition
Entering late adulthood
What are key phases in some important stage?
Early adulthood - dream formulated on life goals
40 - indenting whether they’ll attain their dream
Midlife crisis occurs at midlife transition - dream not fulfilled
What is a critique of Levinsons theory?
Despite follow up research on women, he made little changes based on new evidence
What is Supers theory?
Focus purely on career development
Proposed 5 key stages
What are supers 5 stages?
Growth (0-14) - develop career interests, personality traits, consider work that appeals
Exploration (15-24) - explore world of work, & develop self-identity
Establishment (25-44) - find job/ career matching identity & interest
Maintainance (45-64) - seek to retain position, even in face of challenges
Decline/ disengagement (65+) - focus moves to non-wor interested, retirement
What are criticisms of supers theory?
Inflexible age brackets
Lacks consideration of those who change career in establishment phase
Decline phase also increasingly inappropriate (later retirement age)
Key is stages of careers more than ages
Male oriented
Neglects social context
Progression through stages depends on resources available
Does culture drive supers stages?
Education 18-25 to become specialised
Fuels exploration & need to enter career & establish self within
Establishment often driven by settling down & having children
Creates financial burden & need to maximise earnings
Demands eventually plateau and lead to maintainance
What is a boundaryless career? (Arthur & Rousseau, 1996)
Employment bound by boundaries of a single organisation, department or location
Boundary between work & home broken
Workers consider impact of job on home life
How can we evaluate boundaryless careers?
Theory assumes people control fates
Social class boundaries still exist
Others may like boundaries
Arguement boundaries help define where we are
What is a protean career (Briscoe & Hall)?
Aims to reflect todays careers
Focus on self-driven careers with aim of psychological successes in ones work
Sense of identity & adapt-ability to labour market conditions
Either value driven - act as own success measures or self-driven - in career management/ drive own career
What are differences between protean vs traditional careers?
In charge - P = person, T = organisation
Core value - P = freedom & growth, T = advancement & safety
Degree of mobility - P = high, T = low
Success criteria - P = psychological success, T = position, pay level
Key attitudes - P = work satisfaction & professional commitment, T = organisational commitment
What are the stages of job transition according to Nicholson, 1990?
Preparation - prior to entering job, job perceptions formed
Encounters - first few days/ weeks, reality check
Adjustment - conform to ways of working
Stabilisation - work becomes routine, boredom can occur
